[Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome of isolated intra-abdominal calcifications: A 10-year experience from a referral fetal medicine center].

Introduction: Intra-abdominal calcifications (iAC) detected during fetal ultrasound examinations are characterized by their isolated or associated nature, as well as their location. Our objective was to describe all cases of isolated iAC along with their etiological investigations and neonatal outcome, during a 10-year practice in a referral center.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive monocentric study on neonates diagnosed with isolated iAC after antenatal expert ultrasound scan and referred to the Multidisciplinary Center for Prenatal Diagnosis at Trousseau Hospital and born between January 1st, 2008 and June 30th, 2018.

Author Correction: Low frequency transcranial electrical stimulation does not entrain sleep rhythms measured by human intracranial recordings.

It has come to our attention that we did not specify whether the stimulation magnitudes we report in this Article are peak amplitudes or peak-to-peak. All references to intensity given in mA in the manuscript refer to peak-to-peak amplitudes, except in Fig. 2, where the model is calibrated to 1 mA peak amplitude, as stated.

Low frequency transcranial electrical stimulation does not entrain sleep rhythms measured by human intracranial recordings.

Transcranial electrical stimulation has widespread clinical and research applications, yet its effect on ongoing neural activity in humans is not well established. Previous reports argue that transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can entrain and enhance neural rhythms related to memory, but the evidence from non-invasive recordings has remained inconclusive. Here, we measure endogenous spindle and theta activity intracranially in humans during low-frequency tACS and find no stable entrainment of spindle power during non-REM sleep, nor of theta power during resting wakefulness.

Direct current stimulation boosts synaptic gain and cooperativity in vitro.

Key Points: Direct current stimulation (DCS) polarity specifically modulates synaptic efficacy during a continuous train of presynaptic inputs, despite synaptic depression. DCS polarizes afferent axons and postsynaptic neurons, boosting cooperativity between synaptic inputs. Polarization of afferent neurons in upstream brain regions may modulate activity in the target brain region during transcranial DCS (tDCS).

Measurements and models of electric fields in the human brain during transcranial electric stimulation.

Transcranial electric stimulation aims to stimulate the brain by applying weak electrical currents at the scalp. However, the magnitude and spatial distribution of electric fields in the human brain are unknown. We measured electric potentials intracranially in ten epilepsy patients and estimated electric fields across the entire brain by leveraging calibrated current-flow models.

Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: Methods and mechanisms.

The objective of this review is to summarize the contribution of animal research using direct current stimulation (DCS) to our understanding of the physiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We comprehensively address experimental methodology in animal studies, broadly classified as: (1) transcranial stimulation; (2) direct cortical stimulation in vivo and (3) in vitro models. In each case advantages and disadvantages for translational research are discussed including dose translation and the overarching "quasi-uniform" assumption, which underpins translational relevance in all animal models of tDCS.

Direct Current Stimulation Alters Neuronal Input/Output Function.

Background: Direct current stimulation (DCS) affects both neuronal firing rate and synaptic efficacy. The neuronal input/output (I/O) function determines the likelihood that a neuron elicits an action potential in response to synaptic input of a given strength. Changes of the neuronal I/O function by DCS may underlie previous observations in animal models and human testing, yet have not been directly assessed.

In-vivo Imaging of Magnetic Fields Induced by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Human Brain using MRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique that applies mA currents at the scalp to modulate cortical excitability. Here, we present a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, which detects magnetic fields induced by tDCS currents. This technique is based on Ampere's law and exploits the linear relationship between direct current and induced magnetic fields.

Multilevel computational models for predicting the cellular effects of noninvasive brain stimulation.

Since 2000, there has been rapid acceleration in the use of tDCS in both clinical and cognitive neuroscience research, encouraged by the simplicity of the technique (two electrodes and a battery powered stimulator) and the perception that tDCS protocols can be simply designed by placing the anode over the cortex to "excite," and the cathode over cortex to "inhibit." A specific and predictive understanding of tDCS needs experimental data to be placed into a quantitative framework. Biologically constrained computational models provide a useful framework within which to interpret results from empirical studies and generate novel, testable hypotheses.

Transcranial slow oscillation stimulation during sleep enhances memory consolidation in rats.

Background: The importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS), hallmarked by the occurrence of sleep slow oscillations (SO), for the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories has been shown in numerous studies. Previously, the application of transcranial direct current stimulation, oscillating at the frequency of endogenous slow oscillations, during SWS enhanced memory consolidation for a hippocampus dependent task in humans suggesting a causal role of slowly oscillating electric fields for sleep dependent memory consolidation.

Objective: Here, we aimed to replicate and extend these findings to a rodent model.

Imaging artifacts induced by electrical stimulation during conventional fMRI of the brain.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain activation during transcranial electrical stimulation is used to provide insight into the mechanisms of neuromodulation and targeting of particular brain structures. However, the passage of current through the body may interfere with the concurrent detection of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal, which is sensitive to local magnetic fields. To test whether these currents can affect concurrent fMRI recordings we performed conventional gradient echo-planar imaging (EPI) during transcranial direct current (tDCS) and alternating current stimulation (tACS) on two post-mortem subjects.

[Paraneoplastic dermatopolymyositis with mild glomerular lesion nephropathy associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].

Introduction: Dermatopolymyositis is an inflammatory disorder of an unknown origin. Twenty to thirty percent cases of this disease are associated with a cancer. Glomerular lesions in dermatopolymyositis are rare.

[Phenylbutazone-induced sialadenitis fever simulating angioedema].

Background: Drug-induced sialadenitis is uncommon and unrecognized. Drugs such as nitrofurantoïn, nifedipine and methimazole have been reported to induce sialadenitis. However, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone are the most frequently implicated agents.

Topographical analysis of spatial patterns generated by a cellular automaton model of the proliferation of a cancer cell line in vitro.

A well-suited model to simulate cellular population dynamics is the two-dimensional cellular automaton model, which consists of a lattice of sites, the value ai,j of each site being updated in discrete time steps according to an identical deterministic rule depending on a neighbourhood of sites around it. A cellular automaton is described which mimics cell population proliferation by replacing the site values by the age and the cycle phase of cells. The model takes into account the size of the cells.

[Postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema. Review of the literature. Apropos of 2 new cases].

Postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema is a poorly understood clinical entity. We report two new cases and review the literature. The main manifestations are increased pulmonary perfusion flow, endothelial damage, and amputation of the lymphatic system.

[Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis: retrospective study of 48 cases diagnosed by colonoscopy].

Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is a rare but potentially severe complication of antibiotic treatment, which is characterized by the proliferation of the bacterium Clostridium difficile in the colon. In this retrospective study, 48 cases of endoscopically confirmed PMC were included. The following variables were analysed: characteristics of the patients, antibiotics, clinical, biological and endoscopic features of PMC and its treatment.

[Role of biliary intubation in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis without known etiology].

Biliary tubage, is interesting in the aetiological research of acute pancreatitis, when the origin is unknown after anamnesis, clinical examination, abdominal ultrasonographic studies and retrograde cholangiography. The sludge is the aetiology fond in 40% of the cases. Microscopic crystals are either cholesterol monohydrate, either calcium bilirubinate, or calcium carbonate microspheroliths.