Short-termed changes in quantitative ultrasound estimated bone density among young men in an 18-weeks follow-up during their basic training for the Swiss Armed Forces.

Background: Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) methods have been widely used to assess estimated bone density. This study aimed to assess changes in estimated bone density in association with changes in body composition, physical activity, and anthropometry.

Methods: We examined changes in anthropometry, body composition, and physical activity associated with changes in estimated bone mineral density (measured using quantitative ultrasound with a heel ultrasound device indicating broadband ultrasound attenuation BUA and speed of sound SOS) in a follow-up sample of = 73 young men at the beginning and again 18 weeks later at the end of basic military training.

Sex difference in the immunogenicity of the quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus vaccine: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Immunological differences between males and females in response to viral vaccines are well known. This the first review to examine them for the Human Papilloma Virus.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the immunogenicity of the Quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine qHPVV.

National guidelines on nutrient reference values for the healthy adult population and for pregnant or lactating women are based on heterogeneous sources of evidence: review of guidelines.

Many countries provide dietary guidelines for health practitioners and/or the general population. However, there is no general, international guideline serving as a template for national dietary guidelines, and there is little to no consensus regarding reference values for different nutrients. The present review compared 27 national dietary guidelines for healthy adults as well as for pregnant and/or breastfeeding women, and analysed their quality and the evidence behind their recommendations.

Body height and waist circumference of young Swiss men as assessed by 3D laser-based photonic scans and by manual anthropometric measurements.

Overweight and obesity are considered among the major health concerns worldwide. The body mass index is a frequently used measure for overweight and obesity and is associated with common non-communicable diseases such as diabetes type II, cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. However, the body mass index does not account for the distribution of body fat and relative fat to muscle mass.

Mindful eating and common diet programs lower body weight similarly: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Common strategies for reducing body weight rely on limiting energy intake and restricting food choices. However, these strategies have often been proven ineffective in achieving long-term and sustainable weight reduction. More recently, mindful eating as an alternative weight management strategy has gained increasing attention, yet systematic reviews on intuitive or mindful eating published so far present contradictory results.

Network structure and local adaptation in co-evolving bacteria-phage interactions.

Numerous theoretical and experimental studies have investigated antagonistic co-evolution between parasites and their hosts. Although experimental tests of theory from a range of biological systems are largely concordant regarding the influence of several driving processes, we know little as to how mechanisms acting at the smallest scales (individual molecular and phenotypic changes) may result in the emergence of structures at larger scales, such as co-evolutionary dynamics and local adaptation. We capitalized on methods commonly employed in community ecology to quantify how the structure of community interaction matrices, so-called bipartite networks, reflected observed co-evolutionary dynamics, and how phages from these communities may or may not have adapted locally to their bacterial hosts.