Longitudinal Evaluation of Fetal and Infant AGD in Healthy Children: Association With Penile Size, Testosterone, and DHT.

Context: The anogenital distance (AGD) is considered a postnatal readout of early fetal androgen action. Little is known of prenatal AGD and how it correlates with AGD postnatally.

Objective: We present longitudinal measurements of fetal and infant AGD.

Current global status of male reproductive health.

Background: The widespread interest in male reproductive health (MRH), fueled by emerging evidence, such as the global decline in sperm counts, has intensified concerns about the status of MRH. Consequently, there is a pressing requirement for a strategic, systematic approach to identifying critical questions, collecting pertinent information, and utilizing these data to develop evidence-based strategies. The methods for addressing these questions and the pathways toward their answers will inevitably vary based on the variations in cultural, geopolitical, and health-related contexts.

The epidemiology of cryptorchidism and potential risk factors, including endocrine disrupting chemicals.

Congenital cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the condition where one or both testes are not in place in the scrotum at birth and is one of the most common birth defects in boys. Temporal trends and geographic variation in the prevalence of cryptorchidism from 1% to 9% have been reported in prospective cohort studies. The testes develop in the abdominal cavity and descend to the scrotum in two phases, which should be completed by gestational week 35.

Risk of Fracture After Bilateral Oophorectomy.

Fragility fractures, resulting from low-energy trauma, occur in approximately 1 in 10 Danish women aged 50 years or older. Bilateral oophorectomy (surgical removal of both ovaries) may increase the risk of fragility fractures due to loss of ovarian sex steroids, particularly estrogen. We investigated the association between bilateral oophorectomy and risk of fragility fracture and whether this was conditional on age at time of bilateral oophorectomy, hormone therapy (HT) use, hysterectomy, physical activity level, body mass index (BMI), or smoking.

The impact of acute SARS-CoV-2 on testicular function including insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) in men with mild COVID-19: A longitudinal study.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may affect the male reproductive system as it uses angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2, which is expressed in testicular tissue, as an entry point into the cell. Few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on testicular function, and insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) levels have not previously been assessed during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection on testicular function including INSL3 and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in semen in non-hospitalised men with mild COVID-19.

Depression in Mid- and Later-Life and Risk of Dementia in Women: A Prospective Study within the Danish Nurses Cohort.

Background: Depression and dementia confer substantial global health burdens, particularly in women. Understanding the association between depression and dementia may inform new targets for prevention and/or early intervention.

Objective: To investigate the association between depression in mid- and later-life and dementia (all-cause, Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular dementia (VaD)) in women.

Reproductive hormones, bone mineral content, body composition, and testosterone therapy in boys and adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome.

Adult patients with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) are characterized by a highly variable phenotype, including tall stature, obesity, and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, as well as an increased risk of developing insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis. Most adults need testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), whereas the use of TRT during puberty has been debated. In this retrospective, observational study, reproductive hormones and whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body composition and bone mineral content were standardized to age-related standard deviation scores in 62 patients with KS aged 5.

Prenatal exposure to phenols and benzophenones in relation to markers of male reproductive function in adulthood.

Introduction: Environmental exposure during fetal life may disrupt testicular development. In humans, a limited number of studies have investigated whether these adverse effects persist into adulthood. Using data from a prospective, population-based birth cohort study, The Copenhagen Mother-Child cohort, the objective was to assess if there is an association between fetal exposure to selected phenols and benzophenones and markers of testicular function in adult men.

Testicular function is associated with cardiometabolic health markers: A cross-sectional study of 2289 young men.

Background: Testicular function, including compensated Leydig cell function, has been indicated to be an early marker of morbidity.

Objective: To study the association of testicular function and markers of metabolic and cardiovascular health in a population of young men.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study of 2289 men (median age 19 years, 5-95 percentile 18.

Hair cortisol, glucocorticoid gene receptor polymorphisms, stress, and testicular function.

Objective: Self-reported psychological stress has been associated with decreased semen quality. Cortisol levels in scalp hair (hair cortisol concentration, HCC) has emerged as a potential objective marker of psychological stress. Thus, we investigated if HCC was associated with markers of testicular function.

Combined exposures to bisphenols, polychlorinated dioxins, paracetamol, and phthalates as drivers of deteriorating semen quality.

Background: Semen quality in men continues to decline in Western countries, but the contours of the issue remain obscure, in relation to contributing chemicals.

Objectives: To obtain more clarity about the chemicals that drive the deterioration of semen quality, we conducted a mixture risk assessment based on European exposures.

Methods: We included chemicals capable of affecting semen quality after prenatal exposures, among them androgen receptor antagonists, substances that disrupt prostaglandin signalling, suppress testosterone synthesis, inhibit steroidogenic enzymes or activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Serum Testosterone Levels in 3-Month-Old Boys Predict Their Semen Quality as Young Adults.

Context: It remains unknown how the postnatal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in infancy, also known as "minipuberty", relates to adult testis function.

Objective: To investigate how markers of reproductive function in 3-month-old boys correlate with adult reproductive health parameters.

Methods: This population-based birth cohort study (the Copenhagen Mother-Child cohort), conducted at Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark, included 259 boys examined once around 3 months of age and again at 18 to 20 years.

The long-term association between bilateral oophorectomy and depression: a prospective cohort study.

Objective: Depression is a leading cause of disability globally and affects more women than men. Ovarian sex steroids are thought to modify depression risk in women and interventions such as bilateral oophorectomy that permanently change the sex steroid milieu may increase the risk of depression. This study aimed to investigate the associations between unilateral and bilateral oophorectomy and depression over a 25-year period (1993-2018) and whether this varied by age at oophorectomy or use of menopausal hormone therapy.

Anogenital distance, male factor infertility and time to pregnancy.

Background: Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance between the anus and genitals, is in rodents a well-established marker of early androgen action and has been suggested to be so in humans as well. Thus, a link between human AGD and semen quality and potentially fecundity may exist.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between AGD and male factor infertility and among proven fertile men also time to pregnancy (TTP).

Oophorectomy and rate of dementia: a prospective cohort study.

Objective: Globally, dementia disproportionally affects women, which is not fully explained by higher female longevity. Oophorectomy at any age leads to the permanent loss of ovarian sex steroids, potentially increasing the risk of dementia. We aimed to investigate the association between oophorectomy and dementia and whether this was conditional on age at oophorectomy, hysterectomy or use of hormone therapy (HT).

Environmental factors in declining human fertility.

A severe decline in child births has occurred over the past half century, which will lead to considerable population declines, particularly in industrialized regions. A crucial question is whether this decline can be explained by economic and behavioural factors alone, as suggested by demographic reports, or to what degree biological factors are also involved. Here, we discuss data suggesting that human reproductive health is deteriorating in industrialized regions.

Cardiovascular mortality after bilateral oophorectomy: a prospective cohort study.

Objectives: Bilateral oophorectomy permanently reduces endogenous estrogen exposure and may increase cardiovascular mortality in women. This study aimed to investigate the association between bilateral oophorectomy and cardiovascular mortality and whether this association was conditional on hysterectomy or on the use of hormone therapy at the time of study entry.

Methods: A prospective cohort study of 25,338 female nurses aged ≥ 45 years within the Danish Nurse Cohort.

Bilateral oophorectomy and rate of colorectal cancer: A prospective cohort study.

Worldwide, colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer and third cause of cancer death in women. Estrogen exposure has been inversely associated with colorectal cancer. Oophorectomy reduces circulating estrogen, but the effect on colorectal cancer remains uncertain.

RUBIC (ReproUnion Biobank and Infertility Cohort): A binational clinical foundation to study risk factors, life course, and treatment of infertility and infertility-related morbidity.

Background: Infertility affects 15%-25% of all couples during their reproductive life span. It is a significant societal and public health problem with potential psychological, social, and economic consequences. Furthermore, infertility has been linked to adverse long-term health outcomes.

Breast cancer rate after oophorectomy: A Prospective Danish Cohort Study.

The association between oophorectomy and risk of breast cancer in the general population is uncertain. The aim of our study was to determine the breast cancer rate in women from the general population after oophorectomy (performed before/after menopause), and whether this varies by use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), hysterectomy, body mass index (BMI) and shift work. The study included 24 409 female nurses (aged ≥45 years) participating in the Danish Nurse Cohort.