Employment in the equine industry in 2022: Insights into career types, salaries, and benefits.

The equine industry contributes $74 billion and provides 1.3 million jobs annually to the United States economy. However, limited information is available on the current salaries and benefits of equine professionals.

Owner perceptions and experiences with equine necropsy.

In recent years, the number of horses submitted for necropsy has been in decline. This study aimed to identify the perceptions and barriers of equine necropsy through an online survey of horse owners. The data were analyzed by multivariate models for associations and factors that influenced decision making regarding necropsy.

Characteristics and Sodium Pentobarbital Concentrations of Equine Mortality Compost Piles in the Upper Midwest.

Recent changes in rendering availability for chemically-euthanized animals have created a need to explore composting as an equine mortality management method. The objectives of this study were to evaluate equine mortality composting in the Upper Midwest during fall and spring, document sodium pentobarbital concentrations throughout the process, and determine nutrient content of finished compost. During each season, four horses were euthanized by intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital.

Forage Characteristics and Grazing Preference of Cover Crops in Equine Pasture Systems.

Cover crops are commonly used to provide environmental benefits and can extend the grazing season, but have not been explored in horse pastures. The objectives of this research were to evaluate forage mass, forage nutrient composition, and preference of annual ryegrass, winter rye, berseem clover, purple top turnip, and daikon radish under horse grazing. Cover crops were seeded in monoculture and mixtures in August 2018 and 2019 as a randomized complete block with four replicates and grazed by four adult horses.

Owner and Veterinarian Perceptions of Equine Euthanasia and Mortality Composting.

Challenges associated with burial, rendering, and cremation have forced horse owners to seek alternative mortality disposal methods. While equine mortality composting has been successfully demonstrated, industry-wide adoption has been limited. Therefore, evaluation of horse owners' and veterinarians' perceptions and experience with mortality composting is needed.

Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnant Women: Integrating Screening and Treatment into Prenatal Care.

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis continue to be significant burdens to the health of pregnant women and their children despite easy and effective guidance for screening and treatment. Specific guidelines exist for screening for these infections as well as treatment and follow-up. In this article, we review the epidemiology of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

Pediatric hand and wrist injuries.

In the last 40 years, childhood hand and wrist injuries have become progressively more common as children have become heavier and more active in high impact sports. The majority of children with such injuries do well, but treatment is not always straightforward. Distal radius fractures, scaphoid fractures, metacarpal and phalangeal fractures, nailbed injuries, and amputations are among the pediatric hand and wrist injuries most often seen by orthopedists.

The fate of the index metacarpophalangeal joint following pollicization.

Purpose: To characterize the complications that occur at the index metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint following pollicization and to identify the blood supply of the index MCP joint.

Methods: Eighty-five pollicized digits in 74 patients (1974-2007) were followed after surgery and had documented clinical examinations and radiographs to evaluate physeal arrest, nonunion at the pollicized digit base, and instability of the new carpometacarpal joint at a minimum of 2 years following surgery.

Results: Proximal phalanx physeal arrest was the most common complication.

Effect of continuous versus dichotomous outcome variables on study power when sample sizes of orthopaedic randomized trials are small.

It is often not feasible to conduct large trials in orthopaedic surgery. Therefore, surgeons must identify strategies to optimize the statistical power of their smaller studies. The aim of this study was to compare study power in randomized trials with continuous versus dichotomous outcome variables.

Type-II error rates (beta errors) of randomized trials in orthopaedic trauma.

Background: Although an investigator may limit bias through randomization, concealment of patient allocation, and blinding, the results of randomized trials may be less convincing when the sample size is not sufficiently large to reveal a true difference between treatment groups. When the sample size is small, randomized trials are subject to beta errors (type-II errors)--that is, the probability of concluding that no difference between treatment groups exists when, in fact, there is a difference. The purpose of this study of randomized trials involving fracture care published between 1968 and 1999 was twofold: (1) to evaluate type-II error rates and study power (1 - beta) for the primary outcomes and (2) to identify whether investigators clearly identified the primary and secondary outcomes.

Unaltered Nodulation Competitiveness of a Strain of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) after a Decade in Soil.

A Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) strain that formed a soil population that was highly competitive for nodulation of Lotus pedunculatus 11 years after its introduction into a field soil and a culture of the same strain stored lyophilized were compared with an antibiotic-resistant mutant in respect of their nodulation competitiveness. The mutant was less competitive than the wild-type strain it was isolated from and had to be present at a cell ratio of 5.