Metformin treatment reverses high fat diet- induced non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and dyslipidemia by stimulating multiple antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways.

Purpose: This current study investigated the effect of metformin treatment on hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NADLD) in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats.

Method: Wistar rats were fed with a HFD or laboratory chow diet for 8 weeks. Metformin was administered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg.

The effect of COVID-19 on Ramadan fasting in people with diabetes in East London 2020: The East London diabetes in Ramadan survey.

Aims: Fasting during the COVID-19 crisis was challenging for Muslim people with diabetes during Ramadan. We aimed to survey the experiences of patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) during Ramadan 2020.

Methods: Telephone survey of Muslim patients with T2D in Tower Hamlets, London.

Canagliflozin ameliorates renal oxidative stress and inflammation by stimulating AMPK-Akt-eNOS pathway in the isoprenaline-induced oxidative stress model.

Diabetes is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease, and the high prevalence of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperactivity in diabetic patients makes them further susceptible to SNS-mediated oxidative stress and accelerated kidney damage. Here, we investigated if canagliflozin can reverse isoprenaline (ISO)-induced renal oxidative damage in rats, a model that mimics SNS overstimulation-induced organ injuries in humans. We found that ISO administration elevates renal oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced protein oxidation product (APOP), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO), while depleting levels of endogenous antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH).

Canagliflozin attenuates isoprenaline-induced cardiac oxidative stress by stimulating multiple antioxidant and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways.

The antidiabetic drug canagliflozin is reported to possess several cardioprotective effects. However, no studies have investigated protective effects of canagliflozin in isoprenaline (ISO)-induced cardiac oxidative damage-a model mimicking sympathetic nervous system (SNS) overstimulation-evoked cardiac injuries in humans. Therefore, we investigated protective effects of canagliflozin in ISO-induced cardiac oxidative stress, and their underlying molecular mechanisms in Long-Evans rat heart and in HL-1 cardiomyocyte cell line.

Etoricoxib treatment prevented body weight gain and ameliorated oxidative stress in the liver of high-fat diet-fed rats.

The main focus of this study was to determine the role of etoricoxib in counterbalancing the oxidative stress, metabolic disturbances, and inflammation in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese rats. To conduct this study, 28 male Wistar rats (weighing 190-210 g) were distributed randomly into four groups: control, control + etoricoxib, HF, and HF + etoricoxib. After 8 weeks of treatment with etoricoxib (200 mg/kg), all the animals were sacrificed followed by the collection of blood and tissue samples in order to perform biochemical tests along with histological staining on hepatic tissues.

High-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in obese rats are ameliorated by yogurt supplementation.

The main objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of yogurt supplementation on fat deposition, oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in the liver of rats with high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity. Male Wistar rats were used in this study and were separated into the following four different groups: the control, control + yogurt, high fat and high fat+ yogurt groups. The high fat groups received a HF diet for eight weeks.

Fasting outcomes in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease in East London during Ramadan 2018: The East London diabetes in Ramadan survey.

Objectives: Fasting in summer months for Muslim people with diabetes during Ramadan is challenging, particularly in temperate climates, where duration of fasting is prolonged. Risk of fasting may be greater in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to prospectively monitor the outcomes of patients with diabetes and CKD stage 3 during Ramadan 2018 in East London.

Exploring reasons for very poor glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Aim: The aim was to determine prevalence and reasons for very poor glycaemic control (HbA1c≥10% [86 mmol/mol]) amongst people with Type 2 diabetes in an ethnically diverse urban population.

Methods: Databases of three primary health centres were searched for patients with Type 2 diabetes ≥1 year, most recent HbA1c≥10% [86 mmol/mol]. Patients were invited to explore reasons for poor glycaemic control and develop an individualised management plan.

The absence of pathological myofibre disarray in the diabetic heart: is it a paradox?

Myofibre disarray in progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a well established pathological cardiac tissue change and thereby represents a biomarker for that condition. On the other hand, in diabetic cardiomyopathy, myofibre disarray historically has been reported not to occur. This is surprising given that many of the pathological, remodelling and mechanical changes that present in the diabetic ventricle are also present in HCM, for example, myocardial stiffness, myocardial hypertrophy, apoptosis, cell slippage, extensive collagen expression and fibrosis.

Prevalence and reasons for insulin refusal in Bangladeshi patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes in East London.

Aims: To determine the prevalence and reasons for refusal to commence insulin in Bangladeshi patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods: A survey of 212 Bangladeshi patients seen in a hospital diabetes unit, with poor glycaemic control (HbA(1c)>or= 8.0%) on maximum oral glucose-lowering therapy, in whom insulin was deemed necessary.

Changing pattern of referral to a diabetes clinic following implementation of the new UK GP contract.

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the new GMS contract on referral patterns to a secondary care diabetes clinic. All new patient referrals received from primary care to a hospital diabetes service were surveyed. No significant change in referrals was seen 6 months after implementation of the GMS contract.

Ethnic differences in control of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes attending an Inner London diabetes clinic.

Background: South Asians have higher risk of diabetic complications compared with white Europeans. The aim of this study was to compare management of cardiovascular risk factors between Bangladeshis and white Europeans.

Methods: A retrospective survey of all diabetic patients attending an Inner London hospital diabetic clinic over one year was undertaken.

Are spouses of patients with type 2 diabetes at increased risk of developing diabetes?

Objective: To determine whether spouses of patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of diabetes compared with spouses of subjects with normal glucose tolerance.

Research Design And Methods: A random sample of spouses of patients with type 2 diabetes (group 1S) attending a general practice diabetes clinic was compared with spouses of nondiabetic subjects (as determined by oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]) (group 2S). Spouses in both groups underwent OGTT, fasting lipid profile, and blood pressure (BP) measurements.

Complications and cardiovascular risk factors in South Asians and Europeans with early-onset type 2 diabetes.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a major cardiovascular risk factor, and early-onset (<40 years) type 2 diabetes is becoming more common.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of complications, and cardiovascular risk factors at diagnosis, in early-onset type 2 diabetes, and to compare these between South Asians and Europeans.

Design: Prospective study of newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients aged <40 years, attending hospital and primary care clinics 1999-2001.

Comparison of secondary prevention measures after myocardial infarction in subjects with and without diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: To survey and compare secondary prevention measures in diabetic and non-diabetic patients following myocardial infarction (MI).

Design: Follow-up of a cohort of patients who suffered their first MI 1 year previously.

Setting: Three district general hospitals.

Elevated glycated haemoglobin in non-diabetic patients is associated with an increased mortality in myocardial infarction.

Diabetes is associated with increased mortality following acute myocardial infarction compared to the general population. Elevated glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetic patients is also associated with increased mortality following acute myocardial infarction, while mild elevation in HbA1c are associated with impaired glucose tolerance. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of HbA1c on outcome of acute myocardial infarction in 253 non-diabetic patients, 46 of whom died in one year.

Zatebradine slows ectopic ventricular rhythms in canine heart 24 hours after coronary artery ligation.

Arrhythmias occur 24 h after occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in the canine heart and have been attributed to the abnormal spontaneous activity in subendocardial Purkinje fibers, which are markedly depolarized. The major current underlying normal automaticity in these fibers is i(f). Although the i(f) activation range is generally considered to be more negative than the diastolic membrane potential in these depolarized fibers in infarcts, this activation range has been shown to shift in a positive direction in response to hormonal influences.