Etrolizumab-s fails to control E-Cadherin-dependent co-stimulation of highly activated cytotoxic T cells.

Despite promising preclinical and earlier clinical data, a recent phase III trial on the anti-β7 integrin antibody etrolizumab in Crohn's disease (CD) did not reach its primary endpoint. The mechanisms leading to this outcome are not well understood. Here we characterize the β7 T cell compartment from patients with CD in comparison to cells from individuals without inflammatory bowel disease.

How Many Cases of Spine Surgery Are Performed in Germany? Method of Counting the Number of Cases of Spine Surgery in Germany.

Objective The number of cases of spinal DRGs (German Diagnosis-Related Groups) is calculated on the basis of the data released by the German DRG-Institute. The data thus obtained were subsequently compared with the previously publicly debated data of cases, which were based on the counting of OPS (German Procedure Classification) codes. Methods Specific and Nonspecific Spinal DRGs are identified according to the German Coding Guidelines and the OPS catalogs.

Prediction of countershock success in patients using the autoregressive spectral estimation.

Objectives: Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia and within of minutes of its occurrence, optimal timing of countershock therapy is highly warranted to improve the chance of survival. This study was designed to investigate whether the autoregressive (AR) estimation technique was capable to reliably predict countershock success in VF cardiac arrest patients.

Methods: ECG data of 1077 countershocks applied to 197 cardiac arrest patients with out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest between March 2002 and July 2004 were retrospectively analyzed.

Prediction of countershock success: a comparison of autoregressive and fast fourier transformed spectral estimators.

Objectives: Spectral analysis of the ventricular fibrillation (VF) ECG has been used for predicting countershock success, where the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) is the standard spectral estimator. Autoregressive (AR) spectral estimation should compute the spectrum with less computation time. This study compares the predictive power and computational performance of features obtained by the FFT and AR methods.

Frequency distribution effects of anchored mother rotors--a computer model study.

Recent findings indicate that major organized centers (mother rotors) can maintain ventricular fibrillation (VF). In computer models the mother rotors can be induced by local shortening of the action potential duration (APD) in the cardiac tissue. Because of the fact that these rotors tend to drift away towards regions with longer APD, an additional heterogeneity (e.