Moderate and serious adverse reactions to antimicrobials among hospitalized children: A systematic review.

Aims: This systematic review aimed to investigate the occurrence of moderate and severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to antimicrobials among hospitalized children.

Methods: The PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs and CINAHL databases were searched in April 2023 to systematically review the published data describing the characteristics of moderate and severe ADRs to antimicrobials among hospitalized children. The search was carried out without date restrictions, up to the search date (April, 2023).

Malnutrition disrupts adaptive immunity during visceral leishmaniasis by enhancing IL-10 production.

Unlabelled: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a risk factor for developing visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, the impact on adaptive immunity during infection is unknown. To study the effect of malnutrition on chronic VL, we used a polynutrient-deficient diet (deficient protein, energy, zinc, and iron), which mimics moderate human malnutrition, followed by infection.

Blimp-1 signaling pathways in T lymphocytes is essential to control the infection-induced inflammation.

In many infectious diseases, the pathogen-induced inflammatory response could result in protective immunity that should be regulated to prevent tissue damage and death. In fact, in infection, the innate immune and the inflammatory response should be perfectly controlled to avoid significant lesions and death. Here, we investigate the role of Blimp-1 expression in T cells in resistance to infection.

Pathogenic CD8 T cell responses are driven by neutrophil-mediated hypoxia in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by parasites exhibits a wide range of clinical manifestations. Although parasites influence disease severity, cytolytic CD8 T cell responses mediate disease. While these responses originate in the lymph node, we find that expression of the cytolytic effector molecule granzyme B is restricted to lesional CD8 T cells in - infected mice, suggesting that local cues within inflamed skin induce cytolytic function.

CCR5 promotes the migration of CD8 T cells to the leishmanial lesions.

Cytolytic CD8 T cells mediate immunopathology in cutaneous leishmaniasis without controlling parasites. Here, we identify factors involved in CD8 T cell migration to the lesion that could be targeted to ameliorate disease severity. CCR5 was the most highly expressed chemokine receptor in patient lesions, and the high expression of CCL3 and CCL4, CCR5 ligands, was associated with delayed healing of lesions.