Impact of expanded antiretroviral use on incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in children with HIV in Kenya.

Setting: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children. Recent ART recommendations have increased the number of children on ART.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and incidence of TB in HIV-infected children after the implementation of expanded ART guidelines.

Effect of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device on genital HIV-1 RNA shedding among HIV-1-infected women not taking antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya.

The effect of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) on genital HIV-1 RNA shedding and inflammation among 25 HIV-infected women was evaluated. Blood, endocervical, and cervicovaginal lavage samples were collected from HIV-infected women not taking antiretrovirals before LNG-IUD insertion and 1 month, 3 month, and 6 months thereafter. HIV-1 RNA was quantitated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

Validation of a new clinical scoring system for acute bronchitis.

Introduction: Although several clinical prediction rules exist for lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), few are for acute bronchitis (acute bronchitis) and most have not been validated in high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence settings.

Methods: An Acute Bronchitis Severity Score (ABSS) was developed and validated during a randomized trial of antibiotic treatment for acute bronchitis. Ambulatory adults with productive cough of < or =2 weeks at out-patient respiratory disease clinics in Nairobi, Kenya, were recruited and assessed for clinical response to therapy.

Association of hormonal contraception and HIV-seroprevalence in Nairobi, Kenya.

Among women attending family planning clinics in Nairobi, Kenya, the HIV-seroprevalence rates for different contraceptive methods were: depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) 431/3279 (13.1%), combination oral contraceptive pill 114/1073 (10.6%), and progesterone-only contraceptive pill (POCP) 45/741 (6.