Objective: To assess both the safety and efficacy, in terms of symptomatic improvement, of botulinum toxin injections distributed in the bowel patch and the bladder remnant of failed augmented bladders.
Materials And Methods: A retrospective study was performed on patients with augmented bladders who had presented with clinical and/or urodynamic failure and had received an onabotulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) injection at both the bowel and the bladder level due to refractoriness to oral treatment. The primary variable tested was safety, which was assessed by analysing the adverse effects according to the Clavien-Dindo classification.
BCG has been used in the treatment of NMIBC for more than 40 years. Nevertheless, its exact working mechanisms have not been completely discovered. Clinical and basic research done over all these years has generated much information but it could be summarized in a few simple statements.
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