Laryngeal dysplasia: a 10-year review of rates of progression to invasive carcinoma and treatment-specific outcomes in a regional ENT department in Northern Ireland.

Background: Laryngeal dysplasia represents a complex pre-malignant condition characterised by a spectrum of mucosal changes, with a reported malignant transformation rate from dysplasia to invasive carcinoma of 14.0 per cent.

Objective: To identify whether increasing glottic dysplasia severity is associated with higher local malignant transformation rates or adverse clinical outcomes.

Cough and you'll miss it.

A 9-month-old boy presented to the emergency department with acute wheeze. He had a background of cleft lip repair at 4 months and was awaiting palatoplasty. He had mild eczema but had never had a previous wheezy episode, and was awaiting cardiology follow-up for a small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the ear canal: our experience and a review of the literature.

Background: Oesophageal disorders and osteonecrosis of the jaw are recognised complications of the commonly prescribed medication bisphosphonate. Despite these diagnoses being seen comparatively frequently within the ENT clinic, osteonecrosis of the external ear is a less well reported complication.

Methods: The current literature is reviewed and our experience with six cases of bisphosphonate-related ear canal osteonecrosis is presented.

Rivaroxaban and retropharyngeal haemorrhage.

Haemorrhage is a well-known and accepted complication of anticoagulation. A retropharyngeal haemorrhage (RH) is a rare condition that without prompt recognition and management may result in fatal complications. We report a case of RH in a 67-year-old man anticoagulated with rivaroxaban for atrial fibrillation.