Parenting children with anorectal malformations: implications and experiences.

Parents play a crucial role in the life of a child suffering from an anorectal malformation (ARM), since their guidance contributes to the degree to which the child learns to cope with his or her disability. We investigated whether they experience stress in parenting such a child and also attempted to identify somatic or behavioral characteristics in the child that influence the stress of parenting. The parents of 109 children (69 males, 40 females; median age 5.

[Family stress for parents of girls with precocious puberty].

This study addresses whether precocious puberty influences the child-rearing practices of parents. Three patients groups, girls with idiopathic precocious puberty, with premature thelarche and with premature pubarche were studied. These groups were compared with each other, and with reference groups of 'normal' school children and children referred for asthma or referred for behavioural problems.