Strain structure analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating among HIV negative, positive and drug resistant TB patients attending chest clinics in Western Kenya.

Background: Despite global tuberculosis (TB) interventions, the disease remains one of the major public health concerns. Kenya is ranked 15th among 22 high burden TB countries globally.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Western Kenya, which comprises 10 counties.

Impact of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection on bovine IL10RA knockout mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) is an intracellular pathogen that causes Johne's disease (JD) in cattle and other ruminants. IL10RA encodes the alpha chain of the IL-10 receptor that binds the cytokine IL-10, and is one of the candidate genes that have been found to be associated with JD infection status.

Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Mycobacterium avium subsp. Infection of Bovine Mammary Epithelial (MAC-T) Cells .

Toll-like receptor 4 () encodes an innate immune cell pattern-recognition receptor implicated in the recognition of Mycobacterium avium subsp. (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. Polymorphisms in have been associated with susceptibility to MAP infection.

Distribution patterns of drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV negative and positive tuberculosis patients in Western Kenya.

Introduction: Globally anti-tuberculosis drug resistance is one of the major challenges affecting control and prevention of tuberculosis. Kenya is ranked among 30 high burden TB countries globally. However, there is scanty information on second line antituberculosis drug resistance among tuberculosis patients.

Detection of Subspecies (MAP) Microorganisms Using Antigenic MAP Cell Envelope Proteins.

Cell envelope proteins from subspecies (MAP) that are antigenically distinct from closely related mycobacterial species are potentially useful for Johne's Disease (JD) diagnosis. We evaluated the potential of ELISAs, based on six antigenically distinct recombinant MAP cell envelope proteins (SdhA, FadE25_2, FadE3_2, Mkl, DesA2, and hypothetical protein MAP1233) as well as an extract of MAP total cell envelope proteins, to detect antibodies against MAP in the sera of infected cattle. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of an ELISA based on MAP total cell envelope proteins, when analyzing 153 bovine serum samples, was 75 and 96%, respectively.