Nonlinear electric response of the diffuse double layer to an abrupt charge displacement inside a biological membrane.

In order to elucidate the old, still unsolved problem of how the diffuse electric double layer responds to an abrupt, intramolecular charge displacement inside a biological membrane, we investigated the fastest components of the light-induced electric signals of bacteriorhodopsin and its mutants, in numerous ionic and buffer solutions. The obtained data for temperature and solute concentration dependence were interpreted as a consequence of changes in the capacity of the diffuse double layer surrounding the purple membrane. The possible physiological consequences of this so far not demonstrated phenomenon are discussed.

The Flood Lavas of Kasei Valles, Mars.

Both the northern and southern arms of Kasei Valles are occupied by platy-ridged flood lavas. We have mapped these flows and examined their morphology to better understand their emplacement. The lavas were emplaced as high-flux, turbulent flows (exceeding 10 m s).

Limited role for thermal erosion by turbulent lava in proximal Athabasca Valles, Mars.

The Athabasca Valles flood lava is among the most recent (<50 Ma) and best preserved effusive lava flows on Mars and was probably emplaced turbulently. The Williams et al. [2005] model of thermal erosion by lava has been applied to what we term "proximal Athabasca," the 75 km long upstream portion of Athabasca Valles.

Investigation of anal sphincter function following Mainz pouch type II urinary diversion after radical cystectomy.

Purposes: Our aim was to evaluate the anal sphincter function following cystectomy with urinary diversion of Mainz pouch II.

Methods: Seventy-six patients were involved in our survey, and the cohort was for two groups divided. The first group was a retrospective review of 40 patients with examination of the state of continence.