Frequencies and predictors of subcutaneous and intraosseous injection with 4 epinephrine autoinjector devices.

Background: To prevent anaphylaxis-associated illness, intramuscular epinephrine injection is recommended. Subcutaneous injection may reduce efficacy, and intraosseous injection promotes morbidity. A few studies suggested that commercially available thigh epinephrine autoinjectors (EAIs) may induce subcutaneous/intraosseous injection in some adults.

Rhododendron and Japanese Knotweed: invasive species as innovative crops for second generation biofuels for the ionoSolv process.

We investigated the potential of two terrestrial biomass invasive species in the United-Kingdom as lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks: Japanese Knotweed () and Rhododendron (). We demonstrate that a pretreatment technique using a low-cost protic ionic liquid, the ionoSolv process, can be used for such types of plant species considered as waste, to allow their integration into a biorefinery. ,,-Dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([DMBA][HSO]) was able to fractionate the biomass into a cellulose-rich pulp and a lignin stream at high temperatures (150-170 °C) and short reaction times (15-60 minutes).

Biorefinery potential of sustainable municipal wastewater treatment using fast-growing willow.

The use of willow plantations can be a sustainable approach for treating primary municipal wastewater, potentially reducing both the environmental and economic burdens associated with conventional treatment. However, the impact of wastewater irrigation upon the willow biorefinery potential has not yet been established. To investigate this effect, three-year-old field grown willows were harvested from plots kept as either controls or irrigated with primary municipal wastewater effluent at 29.

Novel library synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted pyridin-2(1)-ones via cleavage of pyridine-2-oxy-7-azabenzotriazole ethers under ionic hydrogenation conditions at room temperature.

In our hands, efficient access to the 4-amino-3-carboxamide disubstituted pyridine-2(1)-one kinase hinge-binder motif proved to be more challenging than anticipated requiring a significant investment in route scouting and optimization. This full paper focuses on the synthesis issues that we encountered during our route exploration and the original solutions we found that helped us to identify two optimized library-style processes to prepare our large kinase inhibitor library.