Biological control of Phlebotomus papatasi larvae by using entomopathogenic nematodes and its symbiotic bacterial toxins.

The sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi is an important disease-bearing vector. Five entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) - Steinernema carpocapsae DD136, Steinernema sp. (SII), S.

Prevalence and pathogenesis of some filarial nematodes infecting donkeys in Egypt.

Aim: The primary objective of the present study is to determine the commonness of filarial parasites in donkeys in Egypt, identification of the filarial species tainting them and the delivered pathogenic impact connected with the infestation.

Materials And Methods: A total of 188 donkeys were examined for filarial infection. The blood samples and scraping of the cutaneous bleeding lesions were collected, stained, and inspected for microfilariae all through the period from March 2011 to October 2013.

Immunization of cattle against Boophilus annulatus ticks using adult female tick antigen.

Ten crossbred calves (Friesian x Egyptian native) aged between 7-9 months old were used to evaluate the immunizing effect of whole adult B. annulatus tick antigen. A soluble fraction was obtained from extensively disrupted ticks and this fraction was used to vaccinate calves with 1 mg protein antigen.