Neural crest lineage in the protovertebrate model Ciona.

Neural crest cells are multipotent progenitors that produce defining features of vertebrates such as the 'new head'. Here we use the tunicate, Ciona, to explore the evolutionary origins of neural crest since this invertebrate chordate is among the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Previous studies identified two potential neural crest cell types in Ciona, sensory pigment cells and bipolar tail neurons.

Micro- and macrovascular function in the highest city in the world: a cross sectional study.

Background: Since vascular responses to hypoxia in both healthy high-altitude natives and chronic mountain sickness (a maladaptive high-altitude pathology characterised by excessive erythrocytosis and the presence of symptoms-CMS) remain unclear, the role of inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress on the endothelium- and - responses in both the micro- and macrocirculation, in healthy Andeans at different altitudes and in CMS patients, was examined.

Methods: 94 men were included: 18 lowlanders (LL), 38 healthy highlanders permanently living at 3800 m (n = 21-HL-3800) or in La Rinconada, the highest city in the world (5100-5300 m) (n = 17-HL-5100/No CMS). Moreover, 14 participants with mild (Mild CMS) and 24 with moderate to severe CMS (Mod/Sev CMS) were recruited.

The Na+/K+-ATPase generically enables deterministic bursting in class I neurons by shearing the spike-onset bifurcation structure.

Slow brain rhythms, for example during slow-wave sleep or pathological conditions like seizures and spreading depolarization, can be accompanied by oscillations in extracellular potassium concentration. Such slow brain rhythms typically have a lower frequency than tonic action-potential firing. They are assumed to arise from network-level mechanisms, involving synaptic interactions and delays, or from intrinsically bursting neurons.

Cereblon influences the timing of muscle differentiation in tadpoles.

Thalidomide has a dark history as a teratogen, but in recent years, its derivates have been shown to function as potent chemotherapeutic agents. These drugs bind cereblon (CRBN), the substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and modify its degradation targets. Despite these insights, remarkably little is known about the normal function of cereblon in development.

Idealized multiple-timescale model of cortical spreading depolarization initiation and pre-epileptic hyperexcitability caused by Na1.1/SCN1A mutations.

Na1.1 (SCN1A) is a voltage-gated sodium channel mainly expressed in GABAergic neurons. Loss of function mutations of Na1.