Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) in hydrochars and biochars: Review of recent evidence, pollution levels, critical gaps, formation mechanisms and regulations.

Contamination of chars with dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) significantly limits their use and hinders their deployment in the circular bioeconomy, specifically in applications that may lead to dietary exposure. Here, for the first time, we review the levels of contamination of chars produced from pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) with dl-PCB congeners. We conduct a detailed and critical examination of the role played by the processing parameters, such as temperature and residence time, and the reaction mechanisms, to detoxify the biomass under an oxygen-free atmosphere during its valorisation.

Alteration of biomass toxicity in torrefaction - A XDS-CALUX bioassay study.

Torrefaction constitutes one of the promising technologies for the management of waste biomass and the production of high-carbon products for combustion, gasification, adsorption of pollutants or soil treatment. Unfortunately, waste biomass may be contaminated with toxic persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) and dioxin-like biphenyls (dl-PCB). Literature does not provide consistent measurements on how the low-temperature thermochemical processing, such as torrefaction, affects the toxicity of biomass.

Bonitation assessment of intensively used football turf depending on the date and area of observation.

This article aimed to evaluate the visual and functional characteristics of intensively used football turf over 10 years, depending on the different areas of the game. The research was conducted on the football turf of the AZS Environmental Club in Wrocław (N: 51° 7' 31'' E:17° 4' 14''). High variability of the evaluated parameters was observed regarding seasonality, year of observation, and the area of play.

The influence of the grass mixture composition on the quality and suitability for football pitches.

The selection of grass mixtures with appropriate visual and functional parameters for sowing football fields is a key element in shaping the sports infrastructure, ensuring the spectacularity of a match and comfort for players. The aim of the research was to investigate the properties of lawn grass mixtures and their suitability for football pitches. The experiment was conducted at the Toya Golf & Country Club (51° 20' E, 17° 07' N), Wrocław, Poland, between 2007 and 2009.

The Occurrence of Antibodies Against Gluten in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Does Not Correlate with Serological Markers of Impaired Intestinal Permeability.

There is evidence that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) display an increased immune reactivity against gluten, which is supposed to be the effect of intestinal barrier abnormalities. The aim of study was to evaluate the relation of antibody induced by gluten to zonulin and intestinal fatty acid binding proteins (I-FABP), that is, serological markers of an impaired gut barrier. The study included 77 patients with ASDs.