Decline in pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children 6-23 months with respiratory illnesses following pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation.

Background: Following pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) implementation, worldwide, pneumococcal carriage rates remained stable, indicating full replacement of vaccine-serotypes (VT) with non-VT. However, data are scarce regarding PCV impact on pneumococcal carriage rates in healthy vs. sick children.

Post-13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Dynamics in Young Children of Serotypes Included in Candidate Extended-Spectrum Conjugate Vaccines.

After worldwide implementation of 10-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10/PCV13), a 20-valent PCV (PCV20) was developed. We assessed dynamics of non-PCV13 additional PCV20 serotypes (VT20-13), compared with all other non-VT20 serotypes, in children <2 years of age in late PCV13 (2015-2017) and early PCV (2009-2011) periods. Our prospective population-based multifaceted surveillance included isolates from carriage in healthy children, children requiring chest radiography for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), and children with non-LRTI illness, as well as isolates from acute conjunctivitis, otitis media (OM), and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atomoxetine in young children with ADHD.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of atomoxetine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 5- and 6-year-old children.

Methods: This was an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of atomoxetine in 101 children with ADHD. Atomoxetine or placebo was flexibly titrated to a maximum dose of 1.

Sequence and structural variation in a human genome uncovered by short-read, massively parallel ligation sequencing using two-base encoding.

We describe the genome sequencing of an anonymous individual of African origin using a novel ligation-based sequencing assay that enables a unique form of error correction that improves the raw accuracy of the aligned reads to >99.9%, allowing us to accurately call SNPs with as few as two reads per allele. We collected several billion mate-paired reads yielding approximately 18x haploid coverage of aligned sequence and close to 300x clone coverage.

Laboratory-Based Studies of Eating among Children and Adolescents.

The prevalence of pediatric overweight has increased dramatically over the past three decades, likely due to changes in food intake as well as physical activity. Therefore, information examining eating patterns among children and adolescents is needed to illuminate which aspects of eating behavior require modification to prevent and treat pediatric overweight. Because child self-report and parent-report of children's eating habits are often inconsistent and limited by recall and other biases, laboratory-based studies in which food intake is observed and monitored have increased in number.