Stronger Response to the Aerosol Indirect Effect Due To Cooling in Remote Regions.

It is often assumed that effective radiative forcings, regardless of forcing agent, are additive in the temperature change. Using climate model simulations with abruptly applied aerosol forcing we find that the temperature response per unit forcing is larger if induced by aerosol-cloud interactions than directly by aerosols. The spatial patterns of forcing and temperature change show that aerosol-cloud interactions induce cooling over remote oceans in the extratropics, whereas the effect of increased emissions is localized around the emission sources primarily over tropical land.

First-Time Fathers' Experience of Support from Midwives in Maternity Clinics: An Interview Study.

Background: Research shows that first-time fathers want to take part in preparation for birth and parenthood but they describe being excluded by health professionals.

Aim: The aim of this study was to illustrate first-time fathers' experiences of support from midwives in maternity clinics as a step in the validation of "The Father Perceived-Professional-Support" (The FaPPS) scale.

Methods: A qualitative content analysis with an inductive and deductive approach was used; seven first-time fathers were strategically selected and interviewed.