Determination of chloride in drinking and ground water by AlCl molecular absorption spectrometry using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer.

The use of high temperature molecular absorption spectrometry for the determination of chloride in drinking and ground water samples is described. The chloride is measured by monitoring the absorbance of vaporised aluminium chloride molecule. The effect of various components commonly present in natural waters were studied and any serious interference was found.

Polymorphisms at the apoB, apoA-I, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene loci in patients with gallbladder disease.

Alterations in lipoprotein levels are reported to be related to an increased risk of gallstones. Plasma lipid metabolism is regulated by a number of proteins that are polymorphic in the population. The present research was designed to investigate the association between the polymorphisms of these proteins and the presence of various gallbladder diseases.

High-activity carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme (CA II) in human gallbladder epithelium.

Acidification of bile is one of the factors that prevents calcium precipitation and thereby gallstone formation. Carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) has previously been shown to be one of the key factors in the human alimentary tract that regulates the acid-base balance. We demonstrated CA II expression in the human gallbladder epithelium using immunohistochemical techniques, elucidated the CA II content of the epithelium by digital image analysis of the immunohistochemically stained enzyme in samples from 16 patients undergoing cholecystectomy, and correlated the results with the calcium content of the gallstones.

Complexometric determination of clodronate in aqueous solutions and urine.

Three different procedures for the determination of clodronate by means of Th-EDTA-XO or Th-DCTA-XO (XO = xylenol orange) complexes are presented. According to the UV-VIS and 13C NMR measurements, XO is quantitatively replaced by the clodronate anion in the mixed ligand Th-EDTA-XO or Th-DCTA-XO complexes in slightly acidic solutions. This ligand replacement reaction can be applied to the determination of traces of clodronate.

High-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of clodronate and some clodronate esters.

A quaternary alkylmethylamine-bonded stationary phase has been used for the liquid chromatographic resolution of bisphosphonates. Clodronate and three of its esters were separated by this technique. Nitric acid (30 mM) was used as the mobile phase.