A scoping review of the effects of mushroom and fungus extracts in rodent models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity.

One of the most important developments in psychopharmacology in the past decade has been the emergence of novel treatments for mood disorders, such as psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Psilocybin is most commonly found in different species of mushroom; however, the literature on mushroom and fungus extracts with potential antidepressant activity extends well beyond just psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and includes both psychedelic and non-psychedelic species. In the current review, we systematically review the preclinical literature on mushroom and fungus extracts, and their effects of animal models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity.

[Determination of severity of harm caused to health in depressed skull deformation by «ping-pong» type in an infant].

Is to develop a differential approach to determining the severity of harm caused to health in case of depressed skull injuries in infants, depending on their morphological features and the character of required treatment. The material included data from literature sources on the study of brain injuries in infants, clinical guidelines, describing the features of clinical picture and diagnosis of depressed skull fractures in infants and legal and regulatory framework of forensic medical evaluation of harm caused to health in injury. The following methods of research were used: logical-analytical, logical-synthetic (generalization), comparative, system-analytical (analysis of relations between facts) and radiological method.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2,2'-[(3,5-di--butyl-4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)methanedi-yl]bis-(3-hy-droxy-5,5-di-methyl-cyclo-hex-2-en-1-one).

In the title compound, CHO, mol-ecules are connected by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming hydrogen-bonded zigzag chains running along the axis and parallel to the (001) plane. The mol-ecular packing is stabilized by van der Waals inter-actions between these chains along the and axes. The inter-molecular inter-actions in the crystal structure were qu-anti-fied and analysed using Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics.

The emerging therapeutic efficacy of ketamine and classical psychedelics for depression has inspired tremendous interest in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We review preclinical and clinical evidence supporting neuroplasticity as a convergent downstream mechanism of action for these novel fast-acting antidepressants. Through their primary glutamate or serotonin receptor targets, ketamine and psychedelics [psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)] induce synaptic, structural, and functional changes, particularly in pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex.

Disruption of Long-Term Depression Potentiates Latent Inhibition: Key Role for Central Nucleus of the Amygdala.

Background: Latent inhibition (LI) reflects an adaptive form of learning impaired in certain forms of mental illness. Glutamate receptor activity is linked to LI, but the potential role of synaptic plasticity remains unspecified.

Methods: Accordingly, the present study examined the possible role of long-term depression (LTD) in LI induced by prior exposure of rats to an auditory stimulus used subsequently as a conditional stimulus to signal a pending footshock.