Beyond the underlying cause of death: an algorithm to study multi-morbidity at death.

Background: In countries with high life expectancy, a growing share of the population is living with several diseases, a situation referred to as multi-morbidity. In addition to health data, cause-of-death data, based on the information reported on death certificates, can help monitor and characterize this situation. This requires going beyond the underlying cause of death and accounting for all causes on the death certificates which may have played various roles in the morbid process, depending on how they relate to each other.

Socioeconomic inequalities in avoidable mortality in Italy: results from a nationwide longitudinal cohort.

Background: Disparities in avoidable mortality have never been evaluated in Italy at the national level. The present study aimed to assess the association between socioeconomic status and avoidable mortality.

Methods: The nationwide closed cohort of the 2011 Census of Population and Housing was followed up for 2012-2019 mortality.

Frailty at death: An examination of multiple causes of death in four low mortality countries in 2017.

Background: The increasing prevalence of frailty in aging populations represents a major social and public health challenge which warrants a better understanding of the contribution of frailty to the morbid process.

Objective: To examine frailty-related mortality as reported on the death certificate in France, Italy, Spain and the United States in 2017.

Methods: We identify frailty at death for the population aged 50 years and over in France, Italy, Spain and the United States.