A rare cause of renal mass; a case study.

A seventy five year old gentleman with the clinical diagnosis of renal tuberculosis was found to have renal squamous cell carcinoma. The clinical presentation and management are being discussed.

Effects of hypoxia on transcription factor expression in human monocytes and macrophages.

The presence of multiple areas of hypoxia (low oxygen tension) is a hallmark feature of human and experimental tumours. Monocytes are continually recruited into tumours where they differentiate into tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) and often accumulate in hypoxic and/or necrotic areas. A number of recent studies have shown that macrophages respond to hypoxia by up-regulating transcription factors such as HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha, which in turn up-regulate the expression of a broad array of mitogenic, pro-invasive, pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic genes.