Context is key: Parasympathetic regulation in the classroom differentially predicts preschoolers' socially competent behaviors.

Research shows that children's early social competence predicts their later academic and interpersonal success. Accordingly, early childhood education programs increasingly aim to evaluate and support children's social skill development. Despite ample theoretical and empirical work demonstrating the role of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) in supporting neurophysiological processes that underlie social behaviors, no study has explicitly tested whether the assessment of PNS activity in childhood educational settings provides insight into children's social functioning.

Outcomes of a 12-week ecologically valid observational study of first treatment with methylphenidate in a representative clinical sample of drug naïve children with ADHD.

Randomized placebo-controlled trials have reported efficacy of methylphenidate (MPH) for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, selection biases due to strict entry criteria may limit the generalizability of the findings. Few ecologically valid studies have investigated effectiveness of MPH in representative clinical populations of children. This independently funded study aims to describe treatment responses and their predictors during the first 12 weeks of MPH treatment using repeated measurements of symptoms and adverse reactions (ARs) to treatment in 207 children recently diagnosed with ADHD.

Extracellular Polymeric Substance Protects Some Cells in an Biofilm from the Biomechanical Consequences of Treatment with Magainin 2.

Bacterial biofilms have long been recognized as a source of persistent infections and industrial contamination with their intransigence generally attributed to their protective layer of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). EPS, consisting of secreted nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides, make it difficult to fully eliminate biofilms by conventional chemical or physical means. Since most bacteria are capable of forming biofilms, understanding how biofilms respond to new antibiotic compounds and components of the immune system has important ramifications.

Patterns of cesarean birth among women living with HIV in Ontario: A cross-sectional, population-level study.

Background: In Canada, as is found globally, women of reproductive age are a growing demographic of persons living with HIV. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment enables women living with HIV (WLWH) to become pregnant without perinatal transmission, and they are increasingly planning to become pregnant. Since 2014, Canadian guidelines no longer recommend routine elective cesarean birth (CB) for women who are virally suppressed and receiving cART.