Snake Venom Pharmacokinetics and Acute Toxic Outcomes Following Envenoming: Experimental and Clinical Correlations.

An understanding of snake venom pharmacokinetics is essential for determining clinical outcomes of envenoming and developing therapeutic approaches to the treatment of envenoming, especially regarding the timing and optimal dosage of antivenom administration. (Eastern Russell's viper) envenoming causes systemic coagulopathy and severe hemorrhage including acute kidney injury. These toxic outcomes can be diminished by the administration of high quantities of Russell's viper antivenom.

Acute phase reactions in venom and fraction-induced acute kidney injury: the role of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways in rabbit and rabbit kidney models.

Background: This study examines the direct nephrotoxic effects of venom (RVV) and venom fractions in and isolated perfused kidneys (IPK) to understand the role of inflammation pathways and susceptibility to oxidative stress in venom or fraction-induced acute renal failure.

Methods: We administered RVV and its venom fractions (PLA, MP, LAAO, and PDE) to rabbits and in the IPK model. We measured oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GSH, and MDA) in kidney tissue, as well as inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10), MDA and GSH levels in plasma and urine.

() sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichuroidea): a new nematode in from Thailand.

A comprehensive investigation, incorporating both morphological and molecular analyses, has unveiled the existence of a hitherto unknown nematode species, () sp. nov., residing in the intestine of the monocled cobra, , in the central region of Thailand.

Redescription and new record of () (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) in the monocled cobra from central Thailand: morphological and molecular insights.

The parasitic nematode () De, 1998, found in the Indian cobra is redescribed and re-illustrated in the present study. The monocled cobra was discovered to be a new host for this parasite in central Thailand. A comprehensive description extending the morphological and molecular characteristics of the parasites is provided to aid species recognition in future studies.

Venom-gland transcriptomics of the Malayan pit viper () for identification, classification, and characterization of venom proteins.

The Malayan pit viper () is a hemotoxic snake widely found in Southeast Asia and is responsible for the majority of poisoning cases in this region, including Thailand. However, a comprehensive knowledge of the venom protein profile and classification, as well as novel venom proteins, of this viper is still limited. Recently, the detailed composition of several snake venoms has been discovered through the use of transcriptome analysis.