Land and sea transport options for the installation of green artificial reefs (GARs) in shallow waters: a Galician case study.

The aim of the present paper is to propose a new methodology for the production and installation of green artificial reefs (GARs) in shallow waters, with special attention to the transport stages. The process includes both onshore (manufacturing, road transport and unload at port) and offshore (load at port, sea transport, positioning, and deployment tasks) stages. Two different types of truck were analysed for the road transport.

Considerations on the programmed functional life (one generation) of a green artificial reef in terms of the sustainability of the modified ecosystem.

The installation of artificial reefs serves to enhance marine ecosystems, although it also modifies them. These changes do not have to be irreversible, since it is possible to treat the functional life of an artificial reef (AR) as a variable factor to be determined, with the objective of contributing to the sustainability of the ecosystem. The quest for sustainability does not end with the manufacture and installation of the AR units.

Application of residuals from purification of bivalve molluscs in Galician to facilitate marine ecosystem resiliency through artificial reefs with shells - One generation.

The seas and oceans of the planet provide a wide range of essential resources. However, marine ecosystems are undergoing severe degradation due to the unsustainable exploitation and consumption patterns of the linear economy. On the other hand, many economic activities linked to the sea generate a large amount of waste, leading to negative impacts, such as the cost of treating or disposing of this waste.

Proposed Conceptual Framework to Design Artificial Reefs Based on Particular Ecosystem Ecology Traits.

Overfishing and pollution have led to marine habitat degradation, and as a result, marine fisheries are now in decline. Consequently, there is a real need to enhance marine ecosystems while halting the decline of fish stocks and boosting artisanal fishing. Under these circumstances, artificial reefs (ARs) have emerged as a promising option.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption of Coastal Ecosystem Enhancement Programme through Sustainable Artificial Reefs in Galicia.

The principle of sustainability should condition a project in which artificial reefs are being installed to protect biodiversity as well as enhance costal ecosystems. In particular, this principle should be taken into account in the logistical processes related to manufacture and transport. This study assesses the global warming potential () and cumulative energy demand () of developing a coastal ecosystem enhancement programme in the estuary region of Galicia, north-western Spain.