Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Stroke: Impact of the Route of Estrogen Administration and Type of Progestogen.

Background And Purpose: The benefit/risk analysis of hormone therapy in postmenopausal women is not straightforward and depends on cardiovascular disease. Evidence supports the safety of transdermal estrogens and the importance of progestogens for thrombotic risk. However, the differential association of oral and transdermal estrogens with stroke remains poorly investigated.

Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's. PD is considered a multifactorial disorder that results, in most cases, from the combined effects of multiple risk and protective factors, including genetic and environmental ones. This review discusses some of the methodological challenges involved in assessing the descriptive, prognostic and etiological epidemiological studies of PD, and summarizes their main findings.

Parkinson disease male-to-female ratios increase with age: French nationwide study and meta-analysis.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is 1.5 times more frequent in men than women. Whether age modifies this ratio is unclear.

Carotid plaque as a predictor of dementia in older adults: the Three-City Study.

Background: The contribution of carotid atherosclerosis to incident dementia remains unclear. We examined the association between carotid plaques (CP) and common carotid intima media thickness (CCA-IMT) with incident dementia and its subtypes, and their added value for dementia risk prediction.

Methods: At baseline, 6025 dementia-free subjects aged 65-86 years underwent bilateral carotid ultrasonography measures of CP and plaque-free CCA-IMT.

A new operational definition of frailty: the Frailty Trait Scale.

Objectives: To provide a new instrument to diagnose frailty, the Frailty Trait Scale (FTS), that allows a more precise assessment and monitoring of individuals.

Design: Prospective population-based cohort study.

Setting: The Toledo Study for Healthy Aging, Spain.