Exploring the link: Porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder and inflammatory bowel disease - A comprehensive narrative review.

Porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder (PSVD) encompasses a group of vascular disorders characterized by lesions involving the portal venules and sinusoids, independent of the presence of portal hypertension (PH), and for which liver biopsy is essential for diagnosis. PSVD has been shown to be common in patients with immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The association between PSVD and the use of thiopurines and thioguanine in patients with IBD has been well established.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Vascular Liver Diseases: Focus on Thrombosis.

Vascular liver disorders (VLDs) comprise a wide spectrum of clinical-pathological entities that primarily affect the hepatic vascular system of both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients. VLDs more frequently involve the portal and the hepatic veins, as well as liver sinusoids, resulting in an imbalance of liver homeostasis with serious consequences, such as the development of portal hypertension and liver fibrosis. Surprisingly, many VLDs are characterized by a prothrombotic phenotype.

Gut Microbiota and Neuroinflammation in Acute Liver Failure and Chronic Liver Disease.

Acute liver failure and chronic liver disease are associated with a wide spectrum of neurological changes, of which the best known is hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Historically, hyperammonemia, causing astrocyte swelling and cerebral oedema, was considered the main etiological factor in the pathogenesis of cerebral dysfunction in patients with acute and/or chronic liver disease. However, recent studies demonstrated a key role of neuroinflammation in the development of neurological complications in this setting.

Cellular therapies in liver and pancreatic diseases.

Over the past two decades, developments in regenerative medicine in gastroenterology have been greatly enhanced by the application of stem cells, which can self-replicate and differentiate into any somatic cell. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells has opened remarkable perspectives on tissue regeneration, including their use as a bridge to transplantation or as supportive therapy in patients with organ failure. The improvements in DNA manipulation and gene editing strategies have also allowed to clarify the physiopathology and to correct the phenotype of several monogenic diseases, both in vivo and in vitro.

Clinical Implications of Antibiotic Resistance in Italy: A Review of the Literature.

() resistance to antibiotics has increased worldwide in recent decades, especially to clarithromycin. As a result, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified clarithromycin-resistant as a "high priority" pathogen in 2017. As international guidelines recommend empirical therapy as first-line treatment, it is crucial to know local resistance rates and history of antibiotic use to determine the most appropriate first-line antibiotic treatment.