Anomalous sea surface reverberation scale model experiments.

Low frequency sea surface sound backscattering from approximately 100 Hz to a few kHz observed from the 1960s broadband measurements using explosive charges to the Critical Sea Test measurements conducted in the 1990 s is substantially higher than explained by rough sea surface scattering theory. Alternative theories for explaining this difference range from scattering by bubble plumes/clouds formed by breaking waves to stochastic scattering from fluctuating bubble layers near the sea surface. In each case, theories focus on reverberation in the absence of the large-scale surface wave height fluctuations that are characteristic of a sea that produces bubble clouds and plumes.

Circumferential-wave phase velocities for empty, fluid-immersed spherical metal shells.

In earlier studies of acoustic scattering resonances and of the dispersive phase velocities of surface waves that generate them [see, e.g., Talmant et al.

Forty years of nonlinear ultrasound.

Nonlinear ultrasound forms an integrated discipline of nonlinear acoustics founded in 1755. A short outline of the state-of-the-art in nonlinear ultrasound in 1960 forms the introduction to this paper. Some of the most important contributions to the development in the theoretical, analytical and numerical basis of nonlinear ultrasound and in experimental investigations of nonlinear ultrasonic processes published during the period of 1960 through 2000 are discussed and their successes and failures in practical exploitation are illuminated.

A three-dimensional, two-way, parabolic equation model for acoustic backscattering in a cylindrical coordinate system.

A new PE model for solving three-dimensional, forward and backward sound propagation in a cylindrical coordinate system is presented. The model marches a wave field in the radial direction including the azimuthal diffraction effects, and solves for a backscattered field based on a three-dimensional, single scattering approach. A periodic sidewall boundary condition is applied for computations in a 360-degree sector, while an approximate sidewall boundary condition is used for calculation in a sector less than 360 degrees.

Dispersion of circumferential waves on evacuated, water-loaded spherical steel shells.

The phase-velocity dispersion curve of the A0 Lamb wave on a free plate tends to zero at the vanishing frequency while on an evacuated, free spherical shell, it turns upward. On a fluid-loaded shell, and for the analogous circumferential A0 wave, it again tends to zero, however, while a new A-wave (Scholte-Stoneley wave) which gets added due to fluid loading, is the one whose dispersion curve turns upward. This phenomenon is studied here for a thin stainless-steel shell on the basis of dispersion curves calculated from 3D elasticity theory, or obtained from the calculated shell resonances, and is explained by the physical nature (shell-borne or fluid-borne) of appropriate circumferential wave portions.