The effect of intravenous hydromorphone alone or in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure in dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of intravenous (IV) hydromorphone alone or in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study.

Animals: A group of seven healthy, ophthalmologically normal, adult Beagle dogs.

Apparent differential phenotypic responses by kelp forest grazers to disease-driven removal of sea star predators.

The potential for aquatic gastropods to display phenotypic plasticity in response to predator cues is well documented. However, long-term phenotypic responses to predator exposure are difficult to evaluate at large scales in the field. Thus, the extent to which comparatively dilute predator cues experienced by natural snail populations influence morphometric development and whether energetic costs associated with defensive morphology have allometric impacts on other life-history characteristics is unclear.

Predicting the effect of fresh gas flow on tidal volume in volume-controlled mechanically ventilated dogs.

Objectives: To determine if the tidal volume (V) delivered (V) to canine patients being mechanically ventilated by a volume-controlled ventilator differed from the volume set on the ventilator (V) at three fresh gas flow (FGF) rates. To determine if V could be accurately predicted by an FGF-based mathematical model.

Study Design: Prospective proof-of-concept study.

Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial to assess gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation in dogs undergoing general anesthesia after hydromorphone premedication with or without acepromazine or dexmedetomidine.

Objective: To investigate whether premedication with hydromorphone alone or combined with acepromazine or dexmedetomidine affects the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and regurgitation in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for elective orthopedic surgery.

Animals: 39 healthy client-owned dogs undergoing general anesthesia for elective orthopedic surgery between November 2016 and November 2018.

Procedures: For this prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial, dogs were randomly assigned to be premedicated with hydromorphone (0.