Diphtheria and tetanus seroepidemiology among children in Ukraine, 2017.

Background: The drastic decline of Ukraine's immunization coverage since 2009 led to concerns about potential resurgence diphtheria and tetanus, along with other vaccine-preventable diseases.

Methods: To assess population immunity against diphtheria and tetanus, we tested specimens from the serosurvey conducted in 2017 among children born in 2006-2015, the birth cohorts targeted by the nationwide outbreak response immunization following a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 outbreak in Zakarpattya province in 2015. We surveyed four regions of Ukraine, using cluster sampling in Zakarpattya, Sumy, and Odessa provinces and simple random sampling in Kyiv City.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection markers among children in Ukraine, 2017.

Background: Before hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) introduction, level of endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Ukraine was estimated as intermediate but the prevalence of HBV infection markers has not been measured in population-based serosurveys. Coverage with 3 doses of HepB, introduced in 2002, was 92%-98% during 2004-2007 but declined to 21%-48% during 2010-2016. To obtain data on HBV prevalence among children born after HepB introduction, we tested specimens from a serosurvey conducted in Ukraine in 2017, following circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak in 2015, among birth cohorts eligible for polio immunization response.

Responding to a cVDPV1 outbreak in Ukraine: Implications, challenges and opportunities.

Background: The European Region, certified polio-free in 2002, remains at risk of wild poliovirus reintroduction and emergence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) until global polio eradication is achieved, as demonstrated by the cVDPV1 outbreak in Ukraine in 2015.

Methods: We reviewed epidemiologic, clinical and virology data on cVDPV cases, surveillance and immunization coverage data, and reports of outbreak-related surveys, country missions, and expert group meetings.

Results: In Ukraine, 3-dose polio vaccine coverage declined from 91% in 2008 to 15% by mid-2015.

[THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN REGULATION OF CIRCULATION BLOOD LIVER].

It was shown in acute experiments on laboratory rats that intraportalinjectionof hydrogen sulfide's precursor L-cysteine (15 mg/kg)caused dilatation of the intrahepatic vessels. As a result, systemic blood pressure (SBP) and blood pressure in the portal vein (PVP) significantly decreased on 17,6 and 24,5%, respectively, and the rate of local blood flow in the liver (LF) and its blood filling (BF) increased on 28,2 and 24,4% respectively. Application of hydrogen sulfide donor NaHS (7 mg/kg) resulted in similarly directed changes: SBP and PVP decreased on 20,8% i 26,2% respectively,LF and BF increased on 16,4% and 30,9% respectively.

Socially-integrated transdisciplinary HIV prevention.

Current ideas about HIV prevention include a mixture of primarily biomedical interventions, socio-mechanical interventions such as sterile syringe and condom distribution, and behavioral interventions. This article presents a framework for socially-integrated transdisciplinary HIV prevention that may improve current prevention efforts. It first describes one socially-integrated transdisciplinary intervention project, the Transmission Reduction Intervention Project.