Microbial and Genetic Resources for Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Biosynthesis: From Ecosystems to Industrial Biotechnology.

Many microbial producers of coenzyme B12 family cofactors together with their metabolically interdependent pathways are comprehensively studied and successfully used both in natural ecosystems dominated by auxotrophs, including bacteria and mammals, and in the safe industrial production of vitamin B12. Metabolic reconstruction for genomic and metagenomic data and functional genomics continue to mine the microbial and genetic resources for biosynthesis of the vital vitamin B12. Availability of metabolic engineering techniques and usage of affordable and renewable sources allowed improving bioprocess of vitamins, providing a positive impact on both economics and environment.

Production of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) by Microorganisms: An Overview.

Riboflavin is a crucial micronutrient that is a precursor to coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, and it is required for biochemical reactions in all living cells. For decades, one of the most important applications of riboflavin has been its global use as an animal and human nutritional supplement. Being well-informed of the latest research on riboflavin production via the fermentation process is necessary for the development of new and improved microbial strains using biotechnology and metabolic engineering techniques to increase vitamin B2 yield.

[Clinical, neurophysiological and neuroimaging study of tremor in multiple sclerosis].

Objective: To identify clinical types of tremor in multiple sclerosis (MS) and clarify their pathophysiological mechanisms.

Material And Methods: We examined 124 patients with MS, including 58 patients with tremor, using clinical (digital spiralography), neurophysiological (tremor electromyography, visual and sensory evoked potentials, transcranial magnetic stimulation with tremor resetting, long latency reflexes, electroencephalography) and neuroimaging (MRI, morphometry) methods.

Results And Conclusion: Five main variants of tremor were identified: distal postural and postural-intention (variant 1), distal intention (variant 2), proximal and distal intention and postural-intention (variant 3), Holmes (variant 4), axial (variant 5).

[Biosimilar of interferon-beta 1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and the own experience in the use of ronbetal].

The results of using ronbetal, the Russian biosimilar of interferon-beta 1b, in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are presented. The study included outpatients followed up from February 2008 to March 2012. All patients were assessed neurologically with additional evaluation using the EDSS; a number of exacerbations and their outcomes, disease progression, tolerability of the drug were recorded.