[Genetic characterization of the Batken virus (BKNV) (Orthomyxoviridae, Thogotovirus) isolated from the Ixodidae ticks Hyalomma marginatum Koch, 1844 and the mosquitoes Aedes caspius Pallas, 1771, as well as the Culex hortensis Ficalbi, 1889 in the Central Asia].

The prototype strain LEIV-K306 of the Batken virus (BKNV) was isolated from the Ixodidae ticks Hyalomma marginatum Koch, 1844 collected from sheep near town Batken (Kirgizstan) in the April 1970. Later, the BKNV was isolated in Kirgizstan from the mixed pool of the Aedes caspius Pallas, 1771 and Culex hortensis Ficalbi, 1889 mosquitoes. From the very beginning, the BKNV was discussed to be very close to the Dhori virus (DHOV) (Orthomyxoviridae, Thogotovirus) isolated from the Ixodidae ticks Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 in India.

[Arborviruses of the California encephalitis serogroup 1N Russia and their contribution to infectious pathology].

This review focuses on arborviral infections associated with California serocomplex (Bunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus). Results of relevant eco-epidemiological and clinical studies in Russia are presented suggesting the ubiquitious nature of diseases caused by viruses of the California encephalitis serocomplex (Inko, Tahyna, Snowshoe Hare). The etiologic structure of these diseases in taiga and mixed woods of the European part and Western Siberia is dominated by the Inco virus and in southern regions by Tahina.

[Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of Chatanga virus strains, the new representative of California encephalitis serocomplex, isolated in different regions of the Russian Federation].

The complete nucleotide sequences of the S segment and the fragments of M and L segments (on 900 and 410 nucleotides, respectively) were determined in 14 California encephalitis serocomplex (CES) strains isolated from different regions of the Russian Federation. Phylogenetic analysis by the sequences of genomic S, M, and L segments indicated that all Russian strains were an individual independent CES virus. The new virus is named Chatanga for the place of isolation of one of the strains.

[Analysis of the genome of two Getah virus strains (LEIV 16275 Mar and LEIV 17741 MPR) isolated from mosquitoes in the North-Eastern Asia].

The complete nucleotide consequences of two Getah virus strains isolated in Russia (LEIV 16275 Mar) and Mongolia (LEIV 17741 MPR) were first determined and analyzed. The nucleotide sequences of the gene of surface glycoprotein E2 and complete genome were used to establish the phylogenetic relations of the strains with other representatives of the Semliki forest serocomplex. The study and reference strains of Getah virus were shown to form its own cluster that was far away from other representatives of the complex and the sequence of the E2 gene significantly reflected the identification of phylogenetical groups within the Sempliki forest serocomplex.

[Isolation of influenza virus A (Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza A virus), Dhori virus (Orthomyxoviridae, Thogotovirus), and Newcastle's disease virus (Paromyxoviridae, Avulavirus) on the Malyi Zhemchuzhnyi Island in the north-western area of the Caspian Sea].

The paper presents the results of the 2003 and 2006 environmental virological monitoring surveys on the Malyi Zhemchuzhnyi Island where a large breeding colony of sea gull (Laridae) is located. In the past several years, expansion of cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) has enhanced the intensity of populational interactions. The investigators isolated 13 strains of influenza A virus (Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza A virus) subtype H13N1 (from sea gulls (n = 4), cormorants (n = 9) 1 strain of Dhori virus (Orthomyxoviridae, Thogotovirus) from a cormorantwith clinical symptoms of the disease, 3 strains of Newcastle disease virus (Paramyxoviridae, Avulavirus) from cormorants.

[Molecular genetic analysis of a diversity of Getah virus strains isolated from mosquitoes in the North-Eastern Asia].

A molecular genetic study was performed of the Getah virus strains isolated in Russia (Eastern Siberia and Far East) and Mongolia. A phylogenetic analysis was made, by examining the nucleotide sequences of genome fragments that had been obtained by RT-PCR and that included the portions of the E1 and E2 surface glycoprotein genes and the 6K gene. A genetic diversity of Getah virus strains in North-Eastern Asia is discussed.

[Free radical oxidation in children with severe craniocerebral injury].

Changes in the products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the antioxidative system (AOS) were studied in 94 children aged 3 to 15 years with severe brain injury (BI) on days 1, 3-5, and 7-10. The contents of dienic conjugates and malonic dialdehyde and the level of induced peroxide hemolysis and peroxide resistance of red blood cells in the plasma were determined. Children with severe BI were found to have activated LPO processes and decreased AOS activity, the most significant changes occurring within 24 hours of injury.

[Diagnosis and principles of complex therapy of sarcoidosis].

The diagnosis and therapy of 87 patients with sarcoidosis admitted to the Central Military Clinical Tubercular Hospital were analyzed. The diagnosis was based on the data of clinicoroentgenologic investigation and histologic examination of the specimen taken from the affected tissue. The differential diagnosis with tuberculosis is obligatory.

[Isolation of Getah virus (Togaviridae, Alfavirus) strains in North- Eastern Asia].

Fifteen strains of Getah alfavirus were for the first time isolated from Aedes and Culex mosquitoes in Yakutia, Magadan region, Buryatia, and Khabarovsk region of the Russian Federation and in Mongolia. The area of this virus dissemination in the above regions was steppe, mixed forest, Northern taiga, and forest-tundra zones, reaching the tundra zone in the North. Getah virus is the only alfavirus occurring under such severe climatic conditions.

[The diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis in military medical and prophylactic institutions].

Abdominal tuberculosis constitutes 0.5-2% in the general structure of the disease, nevertheless it requires special methods of treatment. The authors draw the rules of diagnosis at the early stages of the disease development on the base of 55 patients' case records.

[The methods of traditional medicine in the treatment of tuberculosis].

The authors sum up the results of phyto-, aromatherapy and marmot fat complex treatment of 64 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. In a two-month treatment course in 81.8-95.

[Diseases associated with viruses of the California encephalitis serogroup, in Russia].

Studies of 1986-1995 revealed diseases etiologically connected with California serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus) all over the country. Highly endemic zones are the tundra, taiga, and leafy forest. The disease occurs mainly in summer, the patients are mostly young: under 30 years of age.

[Distribution of viruses from the Californian encephalitis serogroup (Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus) in the northern expanses of Russia].

The study was carried out in 1983-1991 and covered a territory of about 10 x 10(6) km2 in various physico-geographic areas (East Fennoscandia, Northern Russian Plain, West Siberia, Central Siberia, North-Eastern Siberia, and Northern Pacific Region) in the Arctic, Subarctic, Northern-Central-Southern taiga, forest-steppe, and steppe in Northern Russia. A total of 251 strains were isolated from 1391,900 mosquitoes, identified as the California group snowshoe hare (83), Inkoo (44), and Tahyna (2) viruses; 122 strains were not completely identified. Some of the strains with uncommon antigenic composition can be natural reassortants.

[Regularities in the spread of hepatitis C virus and its genotypes in Russian and countries within the former USSR].

The incidence of markers of hepatitis C virus (HCV in the blood of 4216 normal subjects living in the European Russia (Northern, North-Western, Central, Central Chernozem, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, and North Caucasian regions), in the Urals, in Siberia (Eastern Siberian region), in the Far East, and in Monogolia is assessed. The incidence of antibodies to HCV varied from 0.7% in the Central region to 3.

[Further study of hantavirus circulation in the Russian Federation].

Lung specimens of 1514 small mammals of 35 species captured in 1991-1995 at 9 territories of Russia were tested in ELISA for virus antigens of hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS). The antigens were detected in lung specimens of Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus arvalis, Microtus gregalis, Microtus fortis, Arvicola terrestris, Apodemus agrarius, Micromys minutus, and Sorex sp., well known as Hantavirus reservoirs, captured in the Vologda, Yaroslavl, Saratov, Astrakhan, and Chita regions.

[Mosquito-borne arboviruses in the Baikal region].

A total of 20 virus strains were isolated from arthropods and rodents in the Baikal region in 1992. Thirteen of these were California serogroup viruses, 4 Batai virus strains (Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus), and 3 Gheta virus strains (Togaviridae, Alphavirus, Semliki complex). The rates of mosquito infection with California, Batai, and Gheta viruses were 1:6500, 1:24000, and 1:24000, respectively.

[The unknown physiological role of carbon dioxide].

In rats adapted to hypoxia, in gradual increase of CO and decrease in monosialogangliosides, were shown as well as insufficient accumulation of the lipid peroxidation products. The data suggests that carbon dioxide is a natural element of the organism antioxidant defence system.

[Rat brain gangliosides under the combined effect of hypercapnia, hypoxia and hypothermia].

The paper deals with the content and composition of brain gangliosides under two forms of acute hypoxia, hypoxic and hemic ones which develop as a result of the effect of gradually increasing concentration of CO2, decreasing concentration of O2 and external cooling (1st form) and parenteral introduction of sodium nitrite (2nd form). The increase of a sum of polysialogangliosides and decrease of monosialogangliosides under the 1st and 2nd forms of acute hypoxia, respectively, is shown. The increase of the content of unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acids with the great number of carbon atoms as well as the products of lipids peroxidation is more expressed under the 2nd form of hypoxia.

[Protective action of 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil and ferrocenes in nitrite-ion poisoning].

It is shown that ferrocenes and 5-oxy-6-methyluracil efficiently inhibit methemoglobin-formation in experiments in vitro and in vivo. Preliminary administration of ferrocene or 5-oxy-6-methyluracil to laboratory animals essentially increases life time in case of sodium nitrite intoxication. Ferrocene protection from sodium nitrite intoxication normalizes the level of methemoglobin and lipoperoxidation in erythrocytes as well as activity of superoxide dismutase of erythrocytes.

[Protective effect of sodium bicarbonate in nitrite ion poisoning].

It is shown that sodium bicarbonate effectively protects the organism from toxical action of sodium nitrite. Administration of this drug promotes the increase of the lifetime of animals under intoxication with lethal doses of sodium nitrite. The preliminary administration of sodium bicarbonate permits one to decrease the level of methemoglobin in the blood under intoxication with sublethal doses of sodium nitrite, to normalize activity of the basic enzymes of antioxidant protection--superoxide dismutase, catalase glutathione reductase as well as the total activity of dehydrogenases of pentose phosphate way.

[The personality characteristics of patients with hand injuries].

One month after hand and finger trauma which ran without anatomical defects, personality investigations of 240 relevant patients registered more profound neurotization in females and subjects over 30 years, greater unbalance of personal traits in males and subjects with occupational traumas. Active individual and group pathogenetic therapy, successive approach to treatment in various departments of the rehabilitation center resulted in the reduction of conflict readiness and in positive trends in female nervous status.

[Effect of nitrobenzenes on methemoglobin formation and activity of antioxidative enzymes in mouse erythrocytes].

The mice intoxication with intraperitoneal introduction of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene causes an increase of methemoglobin and a decrease of glutathione level. But intoxication by polynitrobenzenes exerts no effect on the total level of SH-groups. A small increase in total activity of dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate way in response to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene intoxication is also revealed.

[The infrared radiation dynamics of the hand under the influence of physical loading in the rehabilitation of patients with tendon injuries to the flexor muscles of the fingers and the nerves of the hand].

Infrared imaging of the hands has been conducted in kinesitherapy of patients with injured finger flexor tendons and hand nerves as compared to healthy subjects. A trend to normalization of the infrared images was recorded in the regimens without force loading, duration of the exercise schedule not less than 1 week, start of the treatment in the early postoperative period.

[Effect of alpha-halogen-alpha-nitroalkanes on methemoglobin formation and activity of antioxidant enzymes in mouse erythrocytes].

It is shown that 1-chlorine, 1-bromine and 1-iodine-nitroethanes intensify methemoglobin formation in vivo. Such an effect was not revealed for 1-fluorine-1-nitroethane. Change of biochemical parameters of erythrocytes under intoxication by alpha-halogen nitroalkanes in a dose LD50 with the exception for 1-fluorine-1-nitroethane is rather identical with that under the intoxication by soda nitrite which is connected with the generality of reaction mechanism of soda nitrite and alpha-halogen-alpha-nitroalkanes with hemoglobin.