Chronic Use of Artificial Sweeteners: Pros and Cons.

Over the past few decades, the scientific community has been highly concerned about the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners are compounds that mimic the sweet taste of sugar but have no calories or carbohydrates; hence, they are very popular among patients suffering from diabetes or obesity, aiming to achieve glycemic and/or weight control. There are four different types of sweeteners: artificial, natural, rare sugars, and polyols.

Assessment of small nerve fiber function as an early marker of peripheral neuropathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Purpose: This study aimed to assess subclinical peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Methods: Subjects included 53 T1DM patients (age (mean ± SE): 15.8 ± 0.

A toddler with severe vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 A (VDDR1A), hungry bone syndrome, and severe RSV infection: presentation and therapeutic challenges.

Background: Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 A (VDDR1A) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in the CYP27B1 gene which result in inability to generate 1,25(OH)D.

Case Presentation: An 18-month-old boy with VDDR1A presented with hypotonia and respiratory distress. He had been diagnosed 2 months earlier, having been evaluated for stunted growth, hypotonia, and delayed developmental milestones.

Challenges in the management of patients with HNF1B MODY and multisystem manifestations: the cases of two adolescent boys.

Introduction: Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta (HNF1B) encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, which is expressed early in embryogenesis and is involved in the development of multiple tissues and organs. HNF1B mutations cause complex multisystem disorders, with renal developmental disease and maturity onset diabetes of the young (HNF1B MODY), a rare cause of diabetes mellitus, being representative features.

Methods: We present two adolescent boys from different socioeconomic backgrounds who were diagnosed with genetically confirmed HNF1B MODY following hospitalization for diabetic ketoacidosis in the first case and after diagnostic work-up due to impaired glucose tolerance in the second case.

Predictors of the clinical severity of T1DM presentation at diagnosis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Purpose: We aimed to assess factors associated with the presence and severity of ketoacidosis (DKA) at pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1DM) diagnosis, in relation to pancreatic, associated and familial autoimmunity.

Methods: Antibodies against pancreatic beta-cells, organ specific autoantibodies (thyroid, celiac, and parietal) and family history of autoimmunity were retrospectively evaluated in 116 T1DM patients aged 11.9 ± 4.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in children and adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Adults with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) have increased risk of severe clinical presentation during COVID-19 infection, while children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have the same mild clinical course as their healthy peers, especially those with optimal glycemic control. The present review focuses on the necessity of COVID-19 vaccination among children and adolescents with T1D, and also in their non-diabetic peers. The efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines are also discussed, as well as their various side-effects, ranging from common mild to very rare and serious ones.

Lifestyle and Pharmacological Interventions and Treatment Indications for the Management of Obesity in Children and Adolescents.

Obesity is a multifactorial chronic impairment that further decreases quality of life and life expectancy. Worldwide, childhood obesity has become a pandemic health issue causing several comorbidities that frequently present already in childhood, including cardiovascular (hypertension, dyslipidemia), metabolic (Type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome), respiratory, gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal disorders. In addition, obese children frequently experience stress and psychosocial symptoms, including mood disorders, anxiety, prejudice and low self-esteem.

The role of various influence sources on sexual behavior in adolescents with type 1 diabetes in comparison to healthy peers: a cross-sectional study from Greece.

Purpose: Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are at increased risk of sexually risky behaviors, such as unintended pregnancies. Adolescents with T1D use different sources of information on sexual education such as parents, friends, teachers, and the media. The study aim was to investigate the effect of different sources of information in development of sexual risk behaviors in T1D adolescents in comparison to healthy peers.

The impact of physical activity, quality of life and eating habits on cardiometabolic profile and adipokines in youth with T1D.

Purpose: Individuals with Type-1-Diabetes (T1D) are at higher risk of having premature cardiovascular-disease (CVD). Physical activity and healthy lifestyle are major components in the prevention of diabetes' related comorbidities and complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of physical activity, eating habits and quality of life in children and adolescents with T1D on diabetic control, cardiovascular and biochemical profile, infection indices, and adipokine levels.

The Role of Exercise on Cardiometabolic Profile and Body Composition in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.

Exercise has a direct positive effect on glycemic control by promoting insulin secretion from β-pancreatic islet-cells and by increasing skeletal muscle glucose uptake. The reduction in daily insulin needs and the optimization of glycemic control improves the patient's quality of life, self-esteem, mental wellness, as well as diabetes-related mobility and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical activity in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes (T1D) on diabetic control, cardiovascular, and biochemical profiles; hs-CRP; IL6; leptin; and adiponectin levels of the population under study.

Covid-19 infection in children and adolescents and its association with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1d) presentation and management.

Children seem to be affected by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus less severely than adults, with better prognosis and low mortality. Serious complications of COVID-19 infection in children include multisystem inflammatory response syndrome in COVID-19 infection (MIS-C), myo-or pericarditis and, less frequently, long COVID syndrome. On the other hand, adults with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) are among the most vulnerable groups affected by COVID-19, with increased morbidity and mortality.

Bariatric surgery in the management of childhood and adolescence obesity.

Background: Nowadays, childhood obesity is literally a global pandemic health problem. According to current data, pediatric obesity is strongly associated with adult excess weight status as well as the development of certain co morbidities, already present in childhood, including cardiovascular disorders (dyslipidemia, hypertension), endocrine/metabolic (Type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome), respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal problems. Additionally, children with obesity frequently experience psychosocial issues, such as mood disorders, anxiety, prejudice and low self-esteem.

Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: distinct characteristics and evidence-based management.

Purpose: Since the dramatic rise of obesity prevalence in childhood and adolescence has contributed to increased rates of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in youth, we sought to explore current evidence-based management options for pediatric T2D patients.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed for studies of T2D in childhood and adolescence until September 2021.

Results: Special pathophysiological and diagnostic characteristics of T2D in this age are presented, while the main focus of the article is on management.

The Effect of Metabolic Profile on Leptin, Adiponectin, and hs-CRP in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.

Adipokines are a superfamily of cell signaling proteins produced by the adipose tissue. This study’s purpose was to reveal the association of adipokines (leptin, adiponectin), hs-CRP, and IL-6 with well-known cardiovascular risk factors (lipid profile, diabetes control, obesity, physical activity) in children and adolescents with T1D. This cross-sectional study included 80 participants (36 boys) with T1D, aged (mean ± SD) 14.

Markedly elevated troponin and NT-proBNP and myocardial dysfunction in an adolescent with severe diabetic ketoacidosis: A case report.

Severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), rarely, may be associated with elevated troponin and proBNP levels in adults with a history of diabetes. However, few cases have reported this association in children with severe and complicated DKA. We describe a case of severe DKA (pH: 6.

Familial autoimmunity in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its associations with the severity of clinical presentation at diabetes diagnosis and with coexisting autoimmunity.

Purpose: The aim was to evaluate the impact of familial autoimmunity on the age and severity of type 1 diabetes (T1D) presentation and on the coexistence of other autoimmune diseases.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 121 children/adolescents (male: 63) followed in our Diabetic Clinic from 2002 to 2016.

Results: Seventy-six patients (62.

Sexual Risk Behaviors of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes in Comparison with Their Peers.

Background: Adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) may differ from peers regarding sexual risk behaviors.

Objectives: To explore sexual risk behaviors of adolescents with T1D in comparison with peers.

Materials And Methods: The subjects were 174 adolescents, 58 adolescents with T1D (mean ± SD age 16.

Predictors of associated and multiple autoimmunity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Purpose: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition characterised by the presence of antipancreatic antibodies. The autoimmune process is also directed against other organs, most frequently against the thyroid gland, intestinal mucosa, and gastric parietal cells.

Methods: Our investigation included 121 children with T1DM with a mean age±standard deviation of 11.

Homozygosity of the Z-2 polymorphic variant in the aldose reductase gene promoter confers increased risk for neuropathy in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.

Background: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the least recognized complication of diabetes mellitus and may start early in the course of the disease. Aldose reductase (AKR1B1) gene promoter Z-2/Z-2 polymorphism increases the expression of AKR1B1 enzyme and may contribute to DN.

Subjects: We evaluated 108 Type 1 diabetes (T1D) children and adolescents (mean ± SD age: 13.

Association of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) with anxiety and depression: experimental data and evidence from GHD children and adolescents.

Anxiety and depression are among the commonest emotional problems in children and young adolescents. They are encountered with even higher prevalence in children and adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Alterations in the somatotropic axis, as observed in both GH/IGF1 deficiency and excess, can produce permanent changes in brain tissue structure.

Associated autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults: The role of glutamic-acid decarboxylase autoantibodies.

Aims: To determine the prevalence of Associated Autoimmune Diseases (AADs) in Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) versus autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and the role of glutamic-acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) and other factors.

Methods: Adults with autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM) were recruited from the Diabetes Center of Nikaia-Piraeus Hospital. Demographic and clinical parameters were recorded and anti-pancreatic and organ-specific antibodies were measured.

Psychosocial Factors and Obesity in Adolescence: A Case-Control Study.

Introduction: The continuously increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is reaching epidemic proportions. Greece is among the countries with the highest childhood obesity prevalence rates. The present study aims to identify psychosocial factors associated with excess body weight of adolescents.

Infections in Children With Cancer: The Role of the Presence or Absence of Neutropenia.

Background: Infections in patients with cancer are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In most cases, the presence of neutropenia renders them prone to infections to either common or opportunistic pathogens. A wide spectrum of bacterial, viral, or fungal agents is encountered in these patients.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B (PHP1B), a rare disorder encountered in adolescence.

Objectives The objective of this paper is to report a peculiar case of a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b (PHP1B). Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) refers to a group of disorders characterized by hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations as the result of end-organ unresponsiveness to PTH. Case presentation We present a 14-year-old boy, who was admitted with severe symptomatic hypocalcaemia, absence of dysmorphic features and Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy features.

Association Between Severity of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis and Multiple Autoimmunity in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Study From a Greek Tertiary Centre.

Objectives: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder associated with development of autoimmunity. In this work, we studied the relationship between severity of acidosis at diagnosis and future risk for autoimmunity development in children with type 1 diabetes.

Methods: We investigated the presence of associated autoimmunity in 144 children with type 1 diabetes (mean ± standard deviation: age, 12.