utilizes vimentin to internalize human keratinocytes.

Introduction: Vimentin is an intermediate filamentous cytoskeletal protein involved in cell migration, adhesion, and division. Recent studies have demonstrated that several bacteria and viruses interact with vimentin to facilitate entry and trafficking within eukaryotic cells. However, the relationship between and vimentin remains unclear.

Expression and functional validation of heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) and cholera toxin B (CTB) subunits in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa).

We expressed the heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) subunit from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and the cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit from Vibrio cholerae under the control of the rice (Oryza sativa) globulin (Glb) promoter. Binding of recombinant LTB and CTB proteins was confirmed based on GM1-ganglioside binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (GM1-ELISA). Real-time PCR of three generations (T3, T4, and T5) in homozygous lines (LCI-11) showed single copies of LTB, CTB, bar and Tnos.