Binary Semantic Classification Using Cortical Activation with Pavlovian-Conditioned Vestibular Responses in Healthy and Locked-In Individuals.

To develop a more reliable brain-computer interface (BCI) for patients in the completely locked-in state (CLIS), here we propose a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), which can induce a strong sensation of equilibrium distortion in individuals. We hypothesized that associating two different sensations caused by two-directional GVS with the thoughts of "yes" and "no" by individuals would enable us to emphasize the differences in brain activity associated with the thoughts of yes and no and hence help us better distinguish the two from electroencephalography (EEG). We tested this hypothesis with 11 healthy and 1 CLIS participant.

Synthesis of Tetra-Substituted Trifluoromethyl-3,1-Benzoxazines by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cyclization of N-Benzoyl Benzoxazinones.

Invited for this month's cover are the group of Norio Shibata at Nagoya Institute of Technology (Japan). The cover picture is inspired by the diversity in the ocean also in cyberspace. In the present research, we can synthesize diverse heterocyclic molecules having a trifluoromethyl group in a single step by changing the N-substitution.

Synthesis of Tetra-Substituted Trifluoromethyl-3,1-Benzoxazines by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cyclization of N-Benzoyl Benzoxazinones.

Efficient synthesis of N,O-heterocyclic tetra-substituted trifluoromethyl-3,1-benzoxazines via a transition-metal-catalyzed decarboxylative intramolecular cyclization was achieved. The decarboxylation of N-benzoyl trifluoromethyl-benzoxazinones generated the amide oxygen nucleophile, allowing a selective internal C -attack on Pd- or Cu-coordinated zwitterions, affording medicinally attractive tetra-substituted vinyl- or ethynyl-trifluoromethyl-3,1-benzoxazines. This protocol can be applied to the synthesis of perfluoroalkyl- and non-fluorinated 3,1-benzoxazines.

Pd-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cyclization of Trifluoromethyl Vinyl Benzoxazinanones with Sulfur Ylides: Access to Trifluoromethyl Dihydroquinolines.

An unprecedented Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative cyclization of 4-trifluoromethyl-4-vinyl benzoxazinanones (4) with sulfur ylides (2) is reported. While the reactions of 4-vinyl/4-CF benzoxazinanones (1a/1c) with 2 furnished the 3-vinyl/3-CF indolines (3a/3c), via an attack on the C carbon of the π-allyl/benzyl zwitterionic intermediates, 4 was converted into 4-trifluoromethyl-dihydroquinolines (5) in good yields via an attack on the C carbon of the π-allyl intermediate. The corresponding methyl-substituted analogues afford different products via an attack on the C carbon.

Stille cross-coupling of secondary and tertiary α-(trifluoromethyl)-benzyl chlorides with allylstannanes.

A Stille cross-coupling reaction was developed that delivers for the first time trifluoromethyl-substituted homoallyl compounds from α-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl chlorides and allylstannanes. This reaction proceeds even with low catalyst loadings (1 mol%) via a rare CF3-Pd-π-benzyl intermediate.