Bicontinuous microemulsion (BME)-based hydrogel films were integrated with screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) comprising working, counter, and reference electrodes to form stand-alone, semi-solid-state electrochemical systems that do not require an outer electrolyte solution. The gel network of the BME hydrogel only exists in the microaqueous phase and retains the structure of the entire BME gel. Following gelation, a microaqueous phase with sufficient ionic strength ensured effective ionic conductivity, even in thin gel films.
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