Review of Objective Structured Clinical Examination Practices Within Pharmacy Programs Throughout the United States.

Objective: To update the description of current objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) practices within pharmacy schools in the United States and identify barriers to OSCE implementation and expansion.

Methods: A survey was deployed to all accredited Doctor of Pharmacy programs within the United States. The survey was designed to collect information regarding the curricular mapping of OSCEs, OSCE design, OSCE delivery, assessment of OSCE performance, and barriers to OSCE implementation and expansion.

Survey of colleges and schools of pharmacy to determine restrictions for teaching, research, and advocacy related to contraception.

Introduction: The pharmacist's role in reproductive health is evolving. Since 46 states allow providers to refuse to provide reproductive health services, it is important to consider whether learning is impacted by institution restrictions on contraception teaching, advocacy, and research.

Methods: An electronic survey was emailed to deans of all pharmacy schools on the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Institutional Membership list with a request to share with faculty teaching women's health content within their curriculum.

Peripartum Pharmacotherapy: A Pharmacist's Guide.

Complications throughout the peripartum period may be caused by preexisting conditions or pregnancy-induced conditions and may alter pharmacotherapy management. Pharmacotherapy management during late pregnancy and delivery requires careful consideration due to changing hormones, hemodynamic status, and pharmacokinetics, and concerns for potential maternal and/or fetal morbidity. Increased maternal and fetal monitoring are often required and may lead to therapy changes.

Ibrexafungerp in the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of ibrexafungerp in the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC).

Data Sources: Literature was sought using PubMed (1966-February 2022) and EMBASE (1973-February 2022), and clinicaltrials.gov.

Curricular Considerations for Preparing Student Pharmacists to Prescribe Hormonal Contraception.

In 2014, the pharmacist's role in the United States expanded to include prescribing hormonal contraception, and this practice is currently addressed by policy in 14 states and the District of Columbia. Training and education requirements for this expanded scope of practice vary between states and are changing rapidly. The objective of this review is to examine how student pharmacists are taught to provide contraceptive care, specifically for prescribing ongoing hormonal contraception and emergency contraception, and to identify potential gaps in the United States pharmacy curricula related to contraception.

Ospemifene in the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy.

Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of ospemifene in the management of dyspareunia.

Data Sources: Literature was sought using PubMed (1966-January 2014) and EMBASE (1973-January 2014). Search terms included ospemifene, FC-1271a, dyspareunia, vulvovaginal atrophy, and vaginal atrophy.

Use of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy in menopausal women: an opinion statement of the Women's Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy.

Menopausal symptoms affect a significant portion of women. Traditional treatment with manufactured hormone therapy can alleviate these symptoms, but many women and their health care providers are concerned about the risks, such as venous thromboembolism and certain types of cancer, demonstrated with manufactured hormone therapy. Compounded bioidentical hormone therapy has been proposed and is often used as a solution for these concerns.

The use of galactogogues in the breastfeeding mother.

Objective: To review data regarding the efficacy of galactogogues available in the US to increase breast milk production in postpartum mothers.

Data Sources: Literature was sought using PubMed (1966-June 2012) and EMBASE (1973-June 2012). Search terms included breastfeeding, breast milk, lactation, galactogogue, metoclopramide, oxytocin, fenugreek, milk thistle, silymarin, growth hormone, thyroid releasing hormone, medroxyprogesterone, domperidone, goat's rue, beer, Asparagus racemosus, shatavari, Medicago sativa, alfalfa, Onicus benedictus, blessed thistle, Galega officinalis, brewer's yeast, and herbals.

Bevacizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Objective: To review data regarding the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nARMD).

Data Sources: Literature was searched using MEDLINE (1976-September 2011) and EMBASE (1973-September 2011). Search terms included bevacizumab, Avastin, neovascular macular degeneration, age-related macular degeneration, vascular endothelial growth factor, intravitreal, and safety.