Unbiased discovery of cancer pathways and therapeutics using Pathway Ensemble Tool and Benchmark.

Correctly identifying perturbed biological pathways is a critical step in uncovering basic disease mechanisms and developing much-needed therapeutic strategies. However, whether current tools are optimal for unbiased discovery of relevant pathways remains unclear. Here, we create "Benchmark" to critically evaluate existing tools and find that most function sub-optimally.

Expansion of Surgical Graduate Medical Education Training Programs: A Return on Investment Analysis.

Background: The productivity of surgical departments is limited by the staffing of attending surgeons as well as surgical residents. Despite ongoing surgeon shortages, many health care organizations have been reluctant to expand training programs because of concerns about cost. We sought to determine the return on investment for the expansion of surgical training programs within our health system.