Peer influence and context: the interdependence of friendship groups, schoolmates and network density in predicting substance use.

This article focuses on the degree to which friends' influence on substance use is conditioned by the consistency between their behavior and that of schoolmates (individuals enrolled in the same school, but not identified as friends), contributing to the literature on the complexity of interactive social influences during adolescence. Specifically, it hypothesizes that friends' influence will diminish as their norms become less similar to that of schoolmates. The authors also propose that this conditioning relationship is related to the density of the friendship group.

Drastic differences between the local and the average structures of Sr2MSbO5.5 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) oxygen-deficient double perovskites.

For many disordered materials, knowing their average crystal structure is insufficient for explaining and predicting their macroscopic properties. It has been found that a description of the short-range atomic arrangements is needed to understand such materials. In order to understand the conduction pathways in ionic conductors which have random distributions of vacancies it is imperative to know the local structures which are present.

Do individual characteristics explain variation in sanction risk updating among serious juvenile offenders? Advancing the logic of differential deterrence.

Recent theoretical and empirical research in deterrence has detected evidence of differential deterrability, or that the effect of sanctions is not uniform across persons. Important questions in this area remain to be explored, and this study considered a central question: Whether important across-individual variability in risk perceptions can be tied to important individual-level factors. This article extends the Bayesian risk updating model developed by Anwar and Loughran (2011) to determine whether the weight individuals place on new offending information differs across persons on the basis of individual characteristics.