Sex Differences in the Development of an Opioid Addiction-Like Phenotype: A Focus on the Telescoping Effect.

Background: Women develop addiction and drug-related health consequences after fewer years of drug use than men; this accelerated time course, or telescoping effect, has been observed clinically for multiple drugs, including opioids. Preclinical studies indicate that this is a biologically based phenomenon; however, these studies have focused exclusively on cocaine, and none have considered health effects.

Methods: In this study, we used a rat (Sprague Dawley) model to determine sex differences in the time course for the development of an opioid addiction-like phenotype, as defined by the development of physical dependence (withdrawal-induced weight loss) and an increase in motivation for fentanyl (under a progressive-ratio schedule).

Germanium wrap-around photodetectors on Silicon photonics.

We present a novel waveguide coupling scheme where a germanium diode grown via rapid melt growth is wrapped around a silicon waveguide. A 4 fF PIN photodiode is demonstrated with 0.95 A/W responsivity at 1550 nm, 6 nA dark current, and nearly 9 GHz bandwidth.