Prospective associations of infant food exposures and appetitive traits with early childhood diet quality.

Background: Early-life food exposures may influence food preferences and receptivity, thereby impacting long-term diet quality. Infant exposure to discretionary foods may be more detrimental for infants with high food approach traits; conversely, early exposure to fruits and vegetables may be more important for those with high food avoidance traits. This study investigated associations of infant food exposures with early childhood diet quality and whether these associations are modified by infant appetitive traits.

Energy expenditure during nutritional rehabilitation: a scoping review to investigate hypermetabolism in individuals with anorexia nervosa.

Background: Weight gain and nutritional rehabilitation are essential first steps to achieve medical stabilization in anorexia nervosa, and frequent resistance to weight gain requires patients to consume high kilocalorie loads. Adaptive hypometabolism is common when patients begin treatment, and rebound hypermetabolism is suspected to be a significant barrier to weight gain. The aim of this review was to summarize existing data describing metabolic changes in anorexia nervosa during weight restoration.

Eating behaviors and estimated body fat percentage among adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Aims: Estimate associations between select eating behaviors and estimated body fat percentage (eBFP) and explore effect modification by sex among adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods: This analysis included 257 adolescents (mean age 14.9 ± 1.

Association of stress on eating competence in mothers during pregnancy and six months postpartum.

Background: Perceived stress is related to poor diet quality and unhealthy dietary patterns in women of reproductive age. Eating competence represents a variety of contextual skills reflecting a comfortable and flexible approach to eating and is associated with diet quality and health related behavior. In non-pregnant samples, perceived stress is negatively associated with eating competence.

Food reinforcement architecture: A framework for impulsive and compulsive overeating and food abuse.

Few reward-based theories address key drivers of susceptibility to food cues and consumption beyond fullness. Decision-making and habit formation are governed by reinforcement-based learning processes that, when overstimulated, can drive unregulated hedonically motivated overeating. Here, a model food reinforcement architecture is proposed that uses fundamental concepts in reinforcement and decision-making to identify maladaptive eating habits that can lead to obesity.

Associations of parent feeding behaviors and early life food exposures with early childhood appetitive traits in an observational cohort study.

Purpose: Child appetitive traits, eating styles that reflect responsiveness to external influences and internal hunger and satiety signals, are associated with eating behaviors and susceptibility to excess weight gain. However, relatively little is known about early life influences on child appetitive traits. This study investigated relations of early life maternal feeding behaviors and food exposures with appetitive traits at age 3.

Weight management in young adults with type 1 diabetes: The advancing care for type 1 diabetes and obesity network sequential multiple assignment randomized trial pilot results.

Aims: Co-management of weight and glycaemia is critical yet challenging in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We evaluated the effect of a hypocaloric low carbohydrate, hypocaloric moderate low fat, and Mediterranean diet without calorie restriction on weight and glycaemia in young adults with T1D and overweight or obesity.

Materials And Methods: We implemented a 9-month Sequential, Multiple Assignment, Randomized Trial pilot among adults aged 19-30 years with T1D for ≥1 year and body mass index 27-39.

Greater Ultra-Processed Food Intake during Pregnancy and Postpartum Is Associated with Multiple Aspects of Lower Diet Quality.

Low diet quality during pregnancy and postpartum is associated with numerous adverse maternal and infant health outcomes. This study examined relations of ultra-processed food intake with diet quality during pregnancy and postpartum. Using data from 24-h recalls, ultra-processed food intake was operationalized as percent energy intake from NOVA-classified ultra-processed foods; diet quality was measured using Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI) total and component scores.

Mindfulness, disordered eating, and impulsivity in relation to glycemia among adolescents with type 1 diabetes and suboptimal glycemia from the Flexible Lifestyles Empowering Change (FLEX) intervention trial.

Objective: To assess the relationship between mindfulness and glycemia among adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with suboptimal glycemia, and evaluate the potential mediation by ingestive behaviors, including disordered eating, and impulsivity.

Research Design And Methods: We used linear mixed models for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and linear regression for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to study the relationship of mindfulness [Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM)] and glycemia in adolescents with T1D from the 18-month Flexible Lifestyles Empowering Change (FLEX) trial. We tested for mediation of the mindfulness-glycemia relationship by ingestive behaviors, including disordered eating (Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised), restrained eating, and emotional eating (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire); and impulsivity (total, attentional, and motor, Barrett Impulsiveness Scale).

Correlates of neural adaptation to food cues and taste: the role of obesity risk factors.

Identifying correlates of brain response to food cues and taste provides critical information on individual differences that may influence variability in eating behavior. However, a few studies examine how brain response changes over repeated exposures and the individual factors that are associated with these changes. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined how brain response to a palatable taste and proceeding cues changed over repeated exposures and how individual differences in weight, familial obesity risk, dietary restraint and reward responsiveness correlate with these changes.

Longitudinal Associations Between Taste Sensitivity, Taste Liking, Dietary Intake and BMI in Adolescents.

Taste sensitivity and liking drive food choices and ingestive behaviors from childhood to adulthood, yet their longitudinal association with dietary intake and BMI is largely understudied. Here, we examined the longitudinal relationship between sugar and fat sensitivity, sugar and fat liking, habitual dietary intake, and BMI percentiles in a sample of 105 healthy-weight adolescents (baseline: BMI %tile 57.0 ± 24.

Eating in the Absence of Hunger Is Related to Worse Diet Quality throughout Pregnancy.

Background: Scant research has examined whether laboratory assessments of eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) relates to long-term diet quality.

Objective: This study investigates the association of EAH with diet quality during pregnancy.

Design: Pregnancy diet quality was assessed using 24-hour diet recalls collected in each pregnancy trimester.

Pregnant Women Consume a Similar Proportion of Highly vs Minimally Processed Foods in the Absence of Hunger, Leading to Large Differences in Energy Intake.

Background: The eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) experimental paradigm measures intake of highly palatable, highly processed foods when sated. However, no studies have examined EAH in pregnant women.

Objective: The objectives were to investigate whether EAH in pregnant women differs by level of food processing and to examine relationships of EAH with hedonic hunger, addictive-like eating, and impulsivity.

Reward-related eating, self-regulation, and weight change in pregnancy and postpartum: the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS).

Background/objectives: Reward-related eating is hypothesized to underlie risk for weight gain in obesogenic environments, but its role is unknown during pregnancy and postpartum when weight change is normative, but excess weight gain and weight retention are common. This study examined associations of self-reported reward-related eating, self-regulation, and the home food environment with excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight change.

Subjects/methods: Participants in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study observational cohort were enrolled at ≤12 weeks pregnancy and followed through 1-year postpartum (458 recruited; 367 retained through delivery).

Earlier onset of menstruation is related to increased body mass index in adulthood and altered functional correlations between visual, task control and somatosensory brain networks.

Later onset of puberty has been associated with lower body mass index (BMI) in adulthood independent of childhood BMI. However, how the relationship between time of onset of puberty and BMI in adulthood is associated with neurocognitive outcomes is largely unstudied. In the present study, women were sampled from the Human Connectome Project 1200 parcellation, timeseries and netmats1 release (PTN) release.

Behavioral and physiological characteristics associated with learning performance on an appetitive probabilistic selection task.

Individuals show meaningful variability in food choices. Choices are affected by individual differences in sensitivity to food reward and punishment, so understanding correlates of response to food reinforcement can help characterize food choices. Here, we examined behavioral and physiological correlates of individual differences in how individuals learn from food reward and punishment, as measured by performance on an appetitive probabilistic selection task that used sweet and bitter tastes as reinforcement.

Network organization during probabilistic learning via taste outcomes.

Reinforcement learning guides food decisions, yet how the brain learns from taste in humans is not fully understood. Existing research examines reinforcement learning from taste using passive condition paradigms, but response-dependent instrumental conditioning better reflects natural eating behavior. Here, we examined brain response during a taste-motivated reinforcement learning task and how measures of task-based network structure were related to behavioral outcomes.

Characterizing the weight-glycemia phenotypes of type 1 diabetes in youth and young adulthood.

Introduction: Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) present with diverse body weight status and degrees of glycemic control, which may warrant different treatment approaches. We sought to identify subgroups sharing phenotypes based on weight and glycemia and compare characteristics across subgroups.

Research Design And Methods: Participants with T1D in the SEARCH study cohort (n=1817, 6.

Longitudinal Phenotypes of Type 1 Diabetes in Youth Based on Weight and Glycemia and Their Association With Complications.

Context: Subclinical and clinical complications emerge early in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and may be associated with obesity and hyperglycemia.

Objective: Test how longitudinal "weight-glycemia" phenotypes increase susceptibility to different patterns of early/subclinical complications among youth with T1D.

Design: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth observational study.

Alterations in ventral attention network connectivity in individuals with prediabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with aberrant neural functioning; however, the point at which brain function alterations occur in the progression of T2D is unknown. Here, we tested for differences in functional connectivity in adults with prediabetes and healthy individuals. We hypothesized that prediabetes, defined by glycated hemoglobin (HbA) 5.

The impact of elevated body mass on brain responses during appetitive prediction error in postpartum women.

Repeated exposure to highly palatable foods and elevated weight promote: 1) insensitivity to punishment in striatal regions and, 2) increased willingness to work for food. We hypothesized that BMI would be positively associated with negative prediction error BOLD response in the occipital cortex. Additionally, we postulated that food reinforcement value would be negatively associated with negative prediction error BOLD response in the orbital frontal cortex and amygdala.

Identification of clinically relevant dysglycemia phenotypes based on continuous glucose monitoring data from youth with type 1 diabetes and elevated hemoglobin A1c.

Background/objective: To identify and characterize subgroups of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) who share patterns in their continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data as "dysglycemia phenotypes."

Methods: Data were analyzed from the Flexible Lifestyles Empowering Change randomized trial. Adolescents with T1D (13-16 years, duration >1 year) and HbA1c 8% to 13% (64-119 mmol/mol) wore blinded CGM at baseline for 7 days.