Seven Years, 3 Surveys, a Changed World: The State Public Health Workforce 2014-2021.

Context: The COVID-19 pandemic and other public health challenges have increased the need for longitudinal data quantifying the changes in the state public health workforce.

Objective: To characterize the state of governmental public health workforce among state health agency (SHA) staff across the United States and provide longitudinal comparisons to 2 prior fieldings of the survey.

Design: State health agency leaders were invited to have their workforce to participate in PH WINS 2021.

Determinants of workplace perceptions among federal, state, and local public health staff in the US, 2014 to 2017.

Background: The governmental public health workforce in the United States comprises almost 300,000 staff at federal, state, and local levels. The workforce is poised for generational change, experiencing significant levels of retirement. However, intent to leave for other reasons is also substantial, and diversity is lacking in the workforce.

Voluntary Separations and Workforce Planning: How Intent to Leave Public Health Agencies Manifests in Actual Departure in the United States.

Objectives: To ascertain levels of turnover in public health staff between 2014 and 2017 due to retirement or quitting and to project levels of turnover for the whole of the state and local governmental public health in the United States nationally.

Design: Turnover outcomes were analyzed for 15 128 staff from public health agencies between 2014 and 2017. Determinants of turnover were assessed using a logit model, associated with actually leaving one's organization.

Master's-Level Education in the Governmental Public Health Workforce.

Objectives: More than 16 000 graduate degrees in public health are awarded annually. Yet only 14% of the governmental public health workforce has formal public health training of any kind, and 8% has a master of public health (MPH) degree. We characterized the differences among governmental staff members with master's degrees across US health departments.

A Multilevel Workforce Study on Drivers of Turnover and Training Needs in State Health Departments: Do Leadership and Staff Agree?

Objectives: To characterize agreement between senior governmental public health staff and their subordinates concerning drivers for staff turnover, and skill importance and ability.

Design: Data were combined from 2 national surveys conducted in 2017; one was a nationally representative, individual-level survey of public health workers, and one was an individual-level survey of their leadership.

Setting: State health agencies.

The State of the US Governmental Public Health Workforce, 2014-2017.

Public health workforce development efforts during the past 50 years have evolved from a focus on enumerating workers to comprehensive strategies that address workforce size and composition, training, recruitment and retention, effectiveness, and expected competencies in public health practice. We provide new perspectives on the public health workforce, using data from the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey, the largest nationally representative survey of the governmental public health workforce in the United States. Five major thematic areas are explored: workforce diversity in a changing demographic environment; challenges of an aging workforce, including impending retirements and the need for succession planning; workers' salaries and challenges of recruiting new staff; the growth of undergraduate public health education and what this means for the future public health workforce; and workers' awareness and perceptions of national trends in the field.

Public Health Workforce Development Needs: A National Assessment of Executives' Perspectives.

Introduction: Workforce development is one of the ten essential public health services. Recent studies have better characterized individual worker perceptions regarding workforce interests and needs, but gaps remain around workforce needs from program managers' perspectives. This study characterized management perspectives regarding subordinate's abilities and training needs and perceived challenges to recruitment and retention.

Top Training Needs of the Governmental Public Health Workforce.

Context: Workforce development in governmental public health has historically focused on discipline-specific skills. However, as the field of public health has evolved, crosscutting skills have become critical. The 2017 fielding of the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) provides a national benchmark for gaps in crosscutting skills in state and local health departments.

Making a Living in Governmental Public Health: Variation in Earnings by Employee Characteristics and Work Setting.

Context: This article examines factors related to earnings in the context of the governmental public health system's urgent need to recruit and retain trained public health workers as many in the existing workforce move toward retirement.

Methods: This article characterizes annualized earnings from state and local public health practitioners in 2017, using data from the 2017 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS), which was fielded in fall/winter 2017 to more than 100 000 state and local public health practitioners in the United States. The response consisted of 47 604 public health workers for a response rate of 48%.

Considering Leaving, But Deciding to Stay: A Longitudinal Analysis of Intent to Leave in Public Health.

Context: Public health has been hit by the first wave of the "silver tsunami"-baby boomers retiring en masse. However, thousands of staff members say they are considering voluntarily leaving for other reasons as well.

Objective: To identify characteristics of staff who said they were planning on leaving in 2014 but stayed at their organizations through 2017.

Changes in the State Governmental Public Health Workforce: Demographics and Perceptions, 2014-2017.

Context: Workforce is a critical cog in the governmental public health enterprise in the United States. Until 2014, workforce research was largely conducted at the organizational level. However, the fieldings of the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey allow for nationally representative comparisons with individual respondents.

The Methods of PH WINS 2017: Approaches to Refreshing Nationally Representative State-Level Estimates and Creating Nationally Representative Local-Level Estimates of Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs.

Context: The Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) was first fielded in 2014 and is the largest public health workforce survey in the nation. This article elucidates the methods used for the 2017 PH WINS fielding.

Program Or Policy: PH WINS was fielded to a nationally representative sample of State Health Agency Central Office (SHA-CO) staff, as well as local health department (LHD) staff.

The Governmental Public Health Workforce in 26 Cities: PH WINS Results From Big Cities Health Coalition Members.

Context: More than 80% of Americans live in urban areas. Over the past 20 years, an increasing number of local governmental public health departments, particularly those in big cities, have taken pioneering action to improve population health. This article focuses on members of the Big Cities Health Coalition (BCHC) who participated in the 2017 Public Health Workforce Interest and Needs Survey (PH WINS).

The First Nationally Representative Benchmark of the Local Governmental Public Health Workforce: Findings From the 2017 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey.

Context: A changing public health landscape requires local governmental health departments (LHDs) to have a workforce prepared to meet complex challenges. While previous assessments looked at organizational data on the LHD workforce, the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) is the first nationally representative survey to examine individual perceptions of training needs, workplace environment, job satisfaction, and awareness of emerging concepts in public health.

Objectives: Characterize key interests and needs of the local governmental public health workforce.

The Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS 2017): An Expanded Perspective on the State Health Agency Workforce.

Context: Workforce surveillance efforts have long been called for in public health: the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) answers that call.

Objective: To characterize the state of the governmental public health workforce among State Health Agency-Central Office (SHA-CO) staff across the United States.

Design: The SHA leadership were contacted and invited to have their agency participate in PH WINS 2017 as a census-based fielding.