An automatic urine disposal system for urinary incontinence: A pilot study with long-term users for effectiveness and safety.

Background: Urinary incontinence is a common problem among the elderly and patients with neurologic disability. The conventional urinary incontinence aids, such as urine-absorbing diapers, pads, and indwelling catheters, frequently cause hygienic problems.

Objective: To study the safety and efficacy of a new automatic urine disposal system that can suction and store the urine in a separate container for future disposal.

A moment closure method for stochastic reaction networks.

In this paper we present a moment closure method for stochastically modeled chemical or biochemical reaction networks. We derive a system of differential equations which describes the dynamics of means and all central moments from a chemical master equation. Truncating the system for the central moments at a certain moment term and using Taylor approximation, we obtain explicit representations of means and covariances and even higher central moments in recursive forms.