Investigating the Use of a Liquid Immunogenic Fiducial Eluter Biomaterial in Cervical Cancer Treatment.

Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth leading cancer among women and is dominant in resource-poor settings in its occurrence and mortality. This study focuses on developing liquid immunogenic fiducial eluter (LIFE) Biomaterial with components that include biodegradable polymers, nanoparticles, and an immunoadjuvant. LIFE Biomaterial is designed to provide image guidance during radiotherapy similar to clinically used liquid fiducials while enhancing therapeutic efficacy for advanced cervical cancer.

Pre-Clinical Investigations of the Pharmacodynamics of Immunogenic Smart Radiotherapy Biomaterials (iSRB).

The use of an immunogenic smart radiotherapy biomaterial (iSRB) for the delivery of anti-CD40 is effective in treating different cancers in animal models. This study further characterizes the use of iSRBs to evaluate any associated toxicity in healthy C57BL6 mice. iSRBs were fabricated using a poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid (PLGA) polymer mixed with titanium dioxide (TiO) nanoparticles incorporated into its matrix.

Functionalization of pristine graphene for the synthesis of covalent graphene-polyaniline nanocomposite.

Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most studied conducting polymers owing to its high electrical conductivity, straightforward synthesis and stability. Graphene-supported PANI nanocomposite materials combine the superior physical properties of graphene, synergistically enhancing the performance of PANI as well as giving rise to new properties. Covalent nanocomposites have shown to give higher stability and better performance than their non-covalent counterparts, however, the covalent graphene-PANI nanocomposite are primarily prepared from graphene oxide.

Demonstration of biofilm removal from type 304 stainless steel using pulsed-waveform electropolishing.

This article describes an electrochemical method to remove bacterial biofilm from a stainless steel (SS) surface using a potential pulse/reverse pulse technique. This technique employs a periodic waveform that consists of anodic and cathodic pulses. The pulses can effectively strip a thin layer of metal off the SS surface, along with the adherent biofilm, in a saline solution.

Priming the Abscopal Effect Using Multifunctional Smart Radiotherapy Biomaterials Loaded with Immunoadjuvants.

In this study, we investigate the use of multifunctional smart radiotherapy biomaterials (SRBs) loaded with immunoadjuvants for boosting the abscopal effect of local radiotherapy (RT). SRBs were designed similar to currently used inert RT biomaterials, incorporating a biodegradable polymer with reservoir for loading payloads of the immunoadjuvant anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody. Lung (LLC1) tumors were generated both on the right and left flank of each mouse, with the left tumor representing metastasis.

Naked-Eye Coulometric Sensor Using a Longitudinally Oriented Ag Band Electrode in a Microfluidic Channel.

In this Article, we report a coulometric sensing platform that is capable of sensing analytes on a working electrode and providing a visual readout of the analyte concentration on a silver (Ag) band counter electrode in a microchannel. The display mechanism relies on the electro-oxidation of metallic Ag as a complementary reaction to the sensing reduction reaction. The Ag band counter electrode is arranged longitudinally in a microchannel while the frontal tip of the band electrode directly faces a gold (Au) working electrode, which lies across the microchannel.

Electronic conductivity of films of electroflocculated 2 nm iridium oxide nanoparticles.

The electronic conductivity of films of iridium oxide (IrO(x)) composed of ca. 2 nm nanoparticles (NPs) is strongly dependent on the film oxidation state. The Ir(IV)O(x) NPs can be electrochemically converted to several oxidation states, ranging from Ir(III) to Ir(V) oxides.

Two-channel microelectrochemical bipolar electrode sensor array.

We report a two-channel microelectrochemical sensor that communicates between separate sensing and reporting microchannels via one or more bipolar electrodes (BPEs). Depending on the contents of each microchannel and the voltage applied across the BPE, faradaic reactions may be activated simultaneously in both channels. As presently configured, one end of the BPE is designated as the sensing pole and the other as the reporting pole.

Design and operation of microelectrochemical gates and integrated circuits.

Here we report a simple design philosophy, based on the principles of bipolar electrochemistry, for the operation of microelectrochemical integrated circuits. The inputs for these systems are simple voltage sources, but because they do not require much power they could be activated by chemical or biological reactions. Device output is an optical signal arising from electrogenerated chemiluminescence.

Bipolar electrodes: a useful tool for concentration, separation, and detection of analytes in microelectrochemical systems.

Over the past decade, bipolar electrochemistry has emerged from relative obscurity to provide a promising new means for integrating electrochemistry into lab-on-a-chip systems. This article describes the fundamental operating principles of bipolar electrodes, as well as several interesting applications.

A sensing platform based on electrodissolution of a Ag bipolar electrode.

Here we report a new type of sensing platform that is based on electrodissolution of a metallic bipolar electrode (BPE). When the target DNA binds to the capture probe at the cathodic pole of the BPE, it triggers the oxidation and dissolution of Ag metal present at the anodic pole. The loss of Ag is easily detectable with the naked eye or a magnifying glass and provides a permanent record of the electrochemical history of the electrode.

Snapshot voltammetry using a triangular bipolar microelectrode.

In this paper, we report a new electroanalytical technique we call snapshot voltammetry. This method combines the properties of bipolar electrodes with electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) to provide a means for recording optical voltammograms in a single micrograph. In essence, the information in a snapshot voltammogram is contained in the spatial domain rather than in the time domain, which is the case for conventional voltammetry.

A large-scale, wireless electrochemical bipolar electrode microarray.

We report a microelectrochemical array composed of 1000 individual bipolar electrodes that are controlled with just two driving electrodes and a simple power supply. The system is configured so that faradaic processes occurring at the cathode end of each electrode are correlated to light emission via electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) at the anode end. This makes it possible to read out the state of each electrode simultaneously.

Wireless electrochemical DNA microarray sensor.

We report an electrochemical DNA microarray sensor whose function is controlled with just two wires regardless of the number of individual sensing electrodes. The bipolar sensing electrode is modified with probe DNA, and the anode end of each electrode is configured to emit light (electrogenerated chemiluminescence) upon hybridization of cDNA labeled with electrocatalytic (oxygen reduction) Pt nanoparticles at the cathode. The important finding is that DNA can be selectively detected at an array of three electrodes.