Vacuum electrospray deposition for face-on orientation and interface preservation in organic photovoltaics.

Despite recent advancements in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), further improvements in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and device lifetime are necessary for commercial viability. Strategies such as optimizing the molecular orientation and minimizing the charge traps of organic films are particularly effective in enhancing photovoltaic performance. In this study, we successfully utilized vacuum electrospray deposition (VESD) to achieve favourable face-on stacking geometries while preserving the integrity of the interfaces in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl-C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films.