Correction: The effect of single and repeated doses of rivastigmine on gastric myoelectric activity in experimental pigs.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Wireless Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Transit Time, Intra-luminal pH, Pressure and Temperature in Experimental Pigs: A Pilot Study.

Background: There is no single gold standard for investigation of gastrointestinal motility function. Wireless motility monitoring involves a novel concept which provides a complex information on gastrointestinal function (gastrointestinal transit time, intra-luminal pH, pressure and temperature). Gastrointestinal motility functions of experimental pigs are very similar to those of humans.

The Effect of Lactobacillus casei on Experimental Porcine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulphate.

Background: Gastrointestinal injury caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) is a reliable porcine experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN 114001 (LC) on DSS-induced experimental IBD.

Results: Eighteen female pigs (Sus scrofa f.

Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Gastrointestinal Injury Further Aggravates the Impact of Galantamine on the Gastric Myoelectric Activity in Experimental Pigs.

Galantamine has been used as a treatment for Alzheimer disease. It has a unique, dual mode of action (inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors). Nausea (in about 20%), vomiting (10%) and diarrhoea (5-7%) are the most common side effects.

The Impact of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Gastrointestinal Injury on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Donepezil and Its Active Metabolite 6--desmethyldonepezil, and Gastric Myoelectric Activity in Experimental Pigs.

Gastrointestinal side effects of donepezil, including dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, occur in 20-30% of patients. The pathogenesis of these dysmotility associated disorders has not been fully clarified yet. Pharmacokinetic parameters of donepezil and its active metabolite 6--desmethyldonepezil were investigated in experimental pigs with and without small intestinal injury induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS).

The pharmacokinetic parameters and the effect of a single and repeated doses of memantine on gastric myoelectric activity in experimental pigs.

Background: Memantine, currently available for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, is an uncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type of glutamate receptors. Under normal physiologic conditions, these unstimulated receptor ion channels are blocked by magnesium ions, which are displaced after agonist-induced depolarization. In humans, memantine administration is associated with different gastrointestinal dysmotility side effects (vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, motor-mediated abdominal pain), thus limiting its clinical use.

Pharmacokinetic profile of promising acetylcholinesterase reactivators K027 and K203 in experimental pigs.

Standard treatment of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) poisoning includes administration of an anti-muscarinic (atropine), anticonvulsive (diazepam) and acetylcholinesterase reactivator (oxime). From a wide group of newly synthesized oximes, oxime K027 and oxime K203 seem to be perspective compounds in some specific OPs intoxication. The available in vitro and in vivo preclinical data indicate that both oximes may be considered for potential human use.

The Importance of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy for Research into the Intestin al Absorption Window of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid in Experimental Pigs.

Background: Absorption windows in particular segments of the small intestine can contribute to the development of orally administered drug formulations and can limit the bioavailability of released compounds.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate use of wireless capsule enteroscopy regarding the disintegration kinetic process of tablets in the small intestine and its comparison with the levels of the model drug (5- aminosalicylic acid; 5-ASA), and its majority metabolite (N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid; N-acetyl-5-ASA) in blood plasma.

Methods: Tablets were endoscopically introduced into the duodenum and their disintegration was monitored using wireless capsule enteroscopy in anaesthetised pigs.

Impact of tacrine and 7-methoxytacrine on gastric myoelectrical activity assessed using electrogastrography in experimental pigs.

Objectives: Tacrine was the first acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for therapy of Alzheimer's disease. It has currently been withdrawn in some countries mostly due to the risk of hepatotoxicity and might be replaced by its derivate 7-methoxytacrine (7-MEOTA). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of these two compounds on gastric myoelectrical activity by means of surface cutaneous electrogastrography (EGG).

Use of electrogastrography in preclinical studies of cholinergic and anticholinergic agents in experimental pigs.

Electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive method for the assessment of gastric myoelectrical activity. Porcine EGG is comparable with human one. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of atropine and neostigmine on the EGG in experimental pigs.

HI-6 oxime (an acetylcholinesterase reactivator): blood plasma pharmacokinetics and organ distribution in experimental pigs.

Objectives: Oxime HI-6 DMS (dimethanesulfonate) is an asymmetric bis-pyridinium aldoxime and essential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator. The high effectiveness is due to its wide spectrum of therapeutic activity against different structures of nerve agents. Aim of this study was to compare plasma time profiles and tissue distribution (to delimitation of potential toxicity risks) after its intramuscular (i.

Oesophageal Manometry in Experimental Pigs: Methods and Initial Experience.

The aim of this study project was to prepare our own method of porcine oesophageal manometry. Ten mature experimental pigs entered the study. Conventional water-perfused system was decided for manometry.

Impact of paraoxon followed by acetylcholinesterase reactivator HI-6 on gastric myoelectric activity in experimental pigs.

Objectives: Organophosphorus compounds represent nerve agents, pesticides and several industrial compounds. Treatment after exposure to organophosphates involves the use of parasympatolytics, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators/modulators and anticonvulsive drugs. Wider clinical use of several AChE reactivators/modulators might be limited because of possible side effects, including gastrointestinal toxicity.

Intravenous application of HI-6 salts (dichloride and dimethansulphonate) in pigs: comparison with pharmacokinetics profile after intramuscular administration.

Objectives: Oxime HI-6 is an acetylcholinesterase reactivator therapeutically efficient against nerve agents. Because of their physico-chemical properties, oximes are typically applied intramuscularly (i.m.

The effect of probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 lipopolysaccharide on the 5-aminosalicylic acid transepithelial transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers.

The object of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) (i) EcN lipopolysaccharide (EcN LPS) and (ii) bacteria-free supernatant of EcN suspension (EcN supernatant) on in vitro transepithelial transport of mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA), the most commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory drug in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Effect of co-administered EcN LPS (100 µg/ml) or EcN supernatant (50 µg/ml) on the 5-ASA transport (300 µmol/l) was studied using the Caco-2 monolayer (a human colon carcinoma cell line) as a model of human intestinal absorption. Permeability characteristics for absorptive and secretory transport of parent drug and its intracellularly-formed metabolite were determined.

The effect of general anaesthesia on gastric myoelectric activity in experimental pigs.

Background: Surface electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive method for clinical assessment of gastric myoelectrical activity. Different forms of general anaesthesia might have various effects on porcine EGG. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different anaesthetic agents on EGG in experimental pigs.

Absorption kinetics of 5-aminosalicylic acid in rat: influence of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal lesions and Escherichia Coli Nissle 1917 medication.

Objectives: The therapeutic effect of probiotics has been studied in many clinical and experimental studies but no data exist concerning the influence of probiotics on pharmacokinetics of contemporary administered drugs. In this paper, we describe the influence of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal lesions and Escherichia Coli Nissle 1917 medication on absorption of 5-aminosalicylic acid and its metabolite N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid in rat.

Methods: 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was given orally to rat using gastric probe as a suspension (25 mg/kg).

Experimental administration of the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 results in decreased diversity of E. coli strains in pigs.

The strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is widely used as an efficient probiotic in therapy and prevention of human infectious diseases, especially of the intestinal system. Concurrently, small adult pigs are being used as experimental omnivore models to study human gastrointestinal functions. EcN bacteria were applied to 6 adult healthy female pigs in a 2-week trial.

Caco-2 cells, biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and biowaiver.

Almost all orally administered drugs are absorbed across the intestinal mucosa. The Caco-2 monolayers are used as an in vitro model to predict drug absorption in humans and to explore mechanism of drug absorption. The Caco-2 cells are derived from a human colon adenocarcinoma and spontaneously differentiate to form confluent monolayer of polarized cells structurally and functionally resembling the small intestinal epithelium.

Morphometric analysis of the porcine gastrointestinal tract in a 10-day high-dose indomethacin administration with or without probiotic bacteria Escherichia coli Nissle 1917.

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may cause severe injury to all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It has been hypothesised that probiotic bacteria might reduce this adverse effect. The aim of this study was to perform a morphometric evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in experimental pigs treated using a 10-day high-dose of indomethacin with or without Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN).

Bacteriocinogeny in experimental pigs treated with indomethacin and Escherichia coli Nissle.

Aim: To evaluate bacteriocinogeny in short-term high-dose indomethacin administration with or without probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) in experimental pigs.

Methods: Twenty-four pigs entered the study: Group A (controls), Group B (probiotics alone), Group C (indomethacin alone) and Group D (probiotics and indomethacin). EcN (3.

Preclinical electrogastrography in experimental pigs.

Surface electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive means of recording gastric myoelectric activity or slow waves from cutaneous leads placed over the stomach. This paper provides a comprehensive review of preclinical EGG. Our group recently set up and worked out the methods for EGG in experimental pigs.