Validation of the Internet Addiction Test for Adolescents (IAT-A) in the Georgian language.

Background: The internet has become an integral part of daily life, impacting various aspects, especially among children and adolescents. Internet overuse has been associated with numerous physical and mental health issues. Despite its significant implications, there is no universally accepted assessment tool for internet addiction.

Influence of Different Orthodontic Brackets on Cytokine and Cortisol Profile.

: Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) requires bone remodeling resulting from complex processes of aseptic inflammation. Recent studies have confirmed close interaction between the immune and skeletal systems. In addition, various orthodontic appliances including fixed systems affect the sublingual microbial composition, and the likelihood of developing inflammatory reactions of the gums is high, especially early in the treatment period.

CORRELATION OF THERMAL PAIN PERCEPTION AND HOSTILITY IN MALES AND FEMALES DURING PHYSIOLOGIC STARVATION.

The phenomenon of pain remains one of the most important challenges in medicine and biology, which often causes disability in humans and worsens the quality of life. The pain is a variable, subjective experience, and it is impossible to fully understand it without getting to know the physiological mechanisms beyond sensory damage of the tissues. There are some gender differences in pain perception, particularly, females tend to be more sensitive towards experimental pain.

PECULIARITIES OF THE WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT HEALTH EFFECTS IN THE MUNICIPAL TRANSPORTATION EMPLOYEES.

The aim of the study was to assess the health status of municipal transportation employees. A comprehensive study of the health condition of the employees, in particular, bus drivers and the administrative staff of the transportation company has been carried out. The study participants were divided into two groups - main and control.

ANTINOCICEPTIVE TOLERANCE TO CANNABINOIDS IN ADULT MALE MICE: A PILOT STUDY.

Over the past two decades, numerous tools have been developed to study the endocannabinoid system. Studies show the potential effectiveness of endocannabinoids for the relief of pain and neurological disorders. However, global targeting of the endocannabinoid system has also been associated with unwanted outcomes, including deleterious effects on cognitive and emotional functions, the development of tolerance and dependence, and withdrawal symptoms after drug cessation in humans.

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION OF TBILISI CITY MUNICIPAL TRANSPORT AND THEIR SERVICES.

The study aim was to observe the working conditions of individuals working on municipal transport, check the levels of dust and toxicity, and review from the hygienic point of view. The levels of dust and chemical pollutants in the working environment of Tbilisi municipal transport workers were examined. Methods used in hygienic practice were applied to analyze air samples.

SENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL PAIN BASED ON SATIETY LEVELS IN WOMEN.

The recent data have shown that in addition to biological and psychosocial mechanisms, individual pain perception can be altered by satiety level as well. Some studies confirm that there is a relationship between being fed by sucrose and hyperalgesia in animals, while others show that ketogenic diet can be associated with decreased pain sensitivity to thermal stimuli. It can be argued that the effect of satiety level on pain perception is mediated by gastrointestinal hormones and endogenous opioids.

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF MASTICATORY MUSCLES IN NASAL AND ORONASAL BREATHING MODES.

Aim of the study was to assess electrophysiologic characteristics of masticatory muscles, right and left temporalis and right and left masseter, in nasal and oronasal breathing modes. The study was conducted on the group of 30 female volunteers who were referred to the clinic for orthodontic problems. Conflict of interests was ruled out.

Endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems contribute to antinociception produced by administration of NSAIDs into the insular cortex of rats.

Pain sensation is characterized as a complex experience, dependent on sensory processes as well as the activation of limbic brain areas involved in emotion, among them anterior insula. This cortical area is involved in the perception and response to painful stimuli. We investigated if this area contributes to antinociception produced by NSAIDs, and underlying mechanisms.

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF MASTICATORY MUSCLES IN NASAL AND ORAL BREATHING MODES.

Type of breathing (nasal, oral, oronasal) can turn out to be a causative factor for (or result of) orthodontic anomalies alongside the respiratory-metabolic disorders. Consequently, assessment of functional characteristics of the masticatory apparatus, which differ in oral and nasal breathing modes, could be of interest for the evaluation of the degree of orthodontic dysfunction and formation of an effective individualized treatment plan. Aim of the study was to assess electrophysiologic characteristics of the masticatory muscles bilaterally in nasal and oral breathing modes.

PERIPHERIAL BLOOD BIOMARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH REFRACTORY IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA.

Immune thrombocytopenia is an acquired thrombocytopenia caused by autoantibodies against platelet antigens, the pathogenesis of ITP is incompletely understood. Evidence regarding association between inflammatory factors in patients with ITP who are refractory to first line treatment is limited.The purpose of our study was to investigate the diagnostic value of NLR, PLR, and PMR, dNLR, and SII in ITP patients who were refractory for the first line treatment and had splenectomy as a second-line therapy.

GENDER-RELATED CORRELATION OF PAIN SENSATION, MOR LEVEL AND SOME HOSTILITY INDICES.

The purpose of given study was to elucidate the relationship among heat, cold, mechanical pain sensation degrees and MOR level in almost healthy males and females - both if follicular and luteal phases of the OMC; also, to investigate gender-related correlation between all above parameters and some hostility indices. The study revealed differences in MOR level according to gender and phases of the OMC - insignificantly higher MOR level in luteal phase of the OMC compared with follicular in females, results of males are significantly lower compared of females in both phases. As gender-related so phase-dependent differences of MOR level negatively correlate with pain sensation indices: heat, cold and mechanical pain thresholds, mechanical pain tolerance.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED PAIN.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between thermal and mechanical sensation, as well as pain thresholds degrees and the dynamics of the TRPV1 level in almost healthy young males and females in the follicular and luteal phases of the OMC. We found gender differences for some pain sensation indices, taking into account OMC phases of females. Mechanical pain tolerance and heat pain thresholds were significantly higher in males compared with females in both phases of the OMC, also, mechanical pain, mechanical pressure, cold pain and heat sensation thresholds were insignificantly higher in males compared with females in follicular phase of the OMC and significantly higher - in luteal phase of the OMC.

NALOXONE AND CTOP BLOCK NSAIDS-INDUCED ANTINOCICEPTION IN ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX OF RATS.

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is activated by noxious stimuli, is involved in pain processing, the neural mechanisms of the ACC involvement in affective pain have yet to be elaborated. To study relation antinociceptive effects induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with endogenous opioid system we treated experimental rats with opioid receptor antagonists, naloxone and CTOP in the ACC pre- and post-following microinjections with NSAIDs. We measured nociceptive thermal paw withdrawal latencies and mechanical thresholds in rats' formalin test following microinjections of NSAIDs (diclofenac, ketoprofen, ketorolac and lornoxicam), saline or opioid receptor antagonists, naloxone and CTOP in the ACC.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERMAL PAIN SENSATION, FREE TESTOSTERONE, TRPV1, MOR LEVELS AND VARIOUS DEGREES OF HOSTILITY IN YOUNG HEALTHY MALES.

Large number of studies consider gonadal hormones as factors influencing pain perception by changing the activity of nociceptive and antinociceptive systems. Recent studies indicate that testosterone, along with some other gonadal hormones, plays a key role in the regulation of TRPV1 and MOR expression. In addition, some works focus on the relationship between pain sensation and hostility indices, as well as their interaction with gonadal hormones.

ANTINOCICEPTIVE TOLERANCE TO NSAIDS PARTIALLY MEDIATED VIA ENDOCANNABINOIDS IN ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX OF RATS.

Pain is characterized as a complex experience, dependent not only on the regulation of nociceptive sensory systems but also on the activation of mechanisms that control emotional processes in limbic brain areas. Non-opioid, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most widely used analgesics in the treatment of not-severe pain. We have recently shown that repeated doses result in tolerance to these drugs like opioids.

[CORRELATION BETWEEN MECHANICAL PAIN SENSITIVITY DEGREE AND MOR PROTEIN CONCENTRATION OVER VARIOUS PHASES OF THE OVARIAN-MENSTRUAL CYCLE].

The large number of studies occurred in recent decades show the effect of sex hormones on pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. The purpose of current study was to assess the correlation between the mechanical pain sensitivity degree and the dynamics of the μ-opioid receptor protein (MOR) concentration, also to investigate the correlation of sex hormones levels with the degree of mechanical pain sensitivity and the dynamics of MOR concentration. A decreased mechanical pressure threshold, mechanical pain threshold and mechanical pain tolerance have been revealed in the luteal phase of the OMC.

[CORRELATION BETWEEN HEAT PAIN THRESHOLD DEGREE AND TRPV1 RECEPTOR PROTEIN LEVEL OVER VARIOUS PHASES OF THE OVARIAN-MENSTRUAL CYCLE].

Numerous scientific studies demonstrating differences in pain sensitivity over various phases of the ovarian-menstrual cycle (OMC) in healthy women have been published in recent decades, but the basis for these differences is however still poorly understood. The aim of the current study was to assess the correlation between the heat pain threshold degree and the dynamics of TRPV1 (Transient receptor potential channeling subfamily V member1) receptor protein level, as well as aggression degree in healthy women in the follicular and luteal phases of OMC. An increased TRPV1 receptor protein level and a decreased thermal pain threshold were found in the luteal phase of the OMC.

PAIN PERCEPTION IN ATHLETES: A BRIEF REVIEW.

Pain is almost synonymous with sport. For many athletes, pain is a normal everyday experience and success is often achieved in spite of pain. However, pain can restrict the ability to concentrate on performance and take away the opportunity to compete.

[VEGETATIVE REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN DIFFERENT GEOMAGNETIC CONDITIONS DEPENDING ON A DEGREE OF PHYSICAL CONDITIONING].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the vegetative regulatory action in healthy, untrained and trained individuals in different geomagnetic conditions. The study involved 94 healthy untrained young men aged 18-22 years - I group (control), and 60 trained volunteers aged 18-25 years - II group, who during the period of the study and for at least three years prior have been following active regular physical exercise regimen(weight lifting), but were not professional athletes. In order to evaluate the heart rate variability the following statistical indicators were studied: arithmetic mean, the arithmetic mean of the error variance, dispersion, the arithmetic mean deviation, coefficient of skewness, kurtosis, standard deviation of the mean.

[KINETICS OF PHOTO-INDUCED FREE RADICALS IN THE HUMAN HAIR CHESTNUT COLOR AFTER SHORT PERIODS OF RED, GREEN, BLUE AND WHITE LIGHT EXPOSURE].

The aim of the study was to investigate the kinetics of photo-induced free radicals in the human hair chestnut color with short-term exposure to visible light in different frequency ranges. Studies carried out on human volunteers aged 17-21 years (n=37). Hairs of volunteers of the study were not treated with dyes and other active cosmetic preparations.

THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PAIN ASSESSMENT IN HUMANS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY.

Preliminary data of cold and heat sensations, and mechanical pressure thresholds and pressure pain thresholds in healthy student volunteers are reported in the study. We did not find any statistically significant differences of these indexes in relation to ethnicity. However, we revealed gender related differences on the mechanical pressure pain threshold and not for mechanical pressure sensation threshold.

[VISIBLE LIGHT AND HUMAN SKIN (REVIEW)].

Biological effect of a visible light depends on extend of its property to penetrate into the tissues: the greater is a wavelength the more is an effect of a radiation. An impact of a visible light on the skin is evident by wave and quantum effects. Quanta of a visible radiation carry more energy than infrared radiation, although an influence of such radiation on the skin is produced by the light spectrum on the boarder of the ultraviolet and the infrared rays and is manifested by thermal and chemical effects.

An overview of ethnic and gender differences in pain sensation.

Increasing amounts of clinical and experimental evidence show differences in pain responses between different ethnic groups. At the same time, the experience of pain is characterized by immense inter-individual and group variability with one likely contributing factor being ethnicity. Synergistically, pain and ethnicity are multidimensional, malleable and shaped by culture.

[Pharmakological characteristic of some amide local anesthetics, currently used in dental clinics].

Along with the brief history of amide local anesthetics development, their most important properties (from the viewpoint of use in clinical dental practice), are also reviewed. In particular, some properties of most commonly used local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine and articaine are analysed. The most important data concerning pharmacological mechanisms of mentioned anesthetics' action, that cause certain features and peculiarities of their clinical application are given in condensed form.