PECULIARITIES OF THE SECOND MESIOBUCCAL CANAL IN MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS.

Unlabelled: The first maxillary molar is one of the most difficult teeth for endodontical treatment; it presents the highest failure rates due to the impossibility of locating and treating the second mesiobuccal canal (MB2). The aim of our work was study of second mesiobuccal canal in maxillary first molar and compare obtained data with literature sources for increasing the efficiency of treatment.

Materials And Methods: The study involved 59 patients with exacerbation of chronic pulpitis or chronic periodontitis who were distributed according to age: 14-20 years, 21-30 years and 31-40 years.

A New Method for the Synthesis of 3-Thiocyanatopyrazolo[1,5-]pyrimidines.

In this article, we demonstrate how an original effective "metal-free" and "chromatography-free" route for the synthesis of 3-thiocyanatopyrazolo[1,5-]pyrimidines has been developed. It is based on electrooxidative (anodic) C-H thiocyanation of 5-aminopyrazoles by thiocyanate ion leading to 4-thiocyanato-5-aminopyrazoles (stage 1, yields up to 87%) following by their chemical condensation with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds or their derivatives (stage 2, yields up to 96%). This method is equally effective for the synthesis of 3-thiocyanatopyrazolo[1,5-]pyrimidines, both without substituents and with various donor (acceptor) substituents in the pyrimidine ring.

Analytical Strategies in Lipidomics for Discovery of Functional Biomarkers from Human Saliva.

Human saliva is increasingly being used and validated as a biofluid for diagnosing, monitoring systemic disease status, and predicting disease progression. The discovery of biomarkers in saliva biofluid offers unique opportunities to bypass the invasive procedure of blood sampling by using oral fluids to evaluate the health condition of a patient. Saliva biofluid is clinically relevant since its components can be found in plasma.

Identification and genome organization of saponin pathway genes from a wild crucifer, and their use for transient production of saponins in Nicotiana benthamiana.

The ability to evolve novel metabolites has been instrumental for the defence of plants against antagonists. A few species in the Barbarea genus are the only crucifers known to produce saponins, some of which make plants resistant to specialist herbivores, like Plutella xylostella, the diamondback moth. Genetic mapping in Barbarea vulgaris revealed that genes for saponin biosynthesis are not clustered but are located in different linkage groups.

Different geographical distributions of two chemotypes of Barbarea vulgaris that differ in resistance to insects and a pathogen.

The interactions of plants with herbivores and pathogens have been suggested to drive the evolution of resistances in plants and in some cases new lineages and taxa. However, such divergence may require reproductive isolation, e.g.

Consequences of combined herbivore feeding and pathogen infection for fitness of Barbarea vulgaris plants.

Plants are often attacked by pathogens and insects. Their combined impact on plant performance and fitness depends on complicated three-way interactions and the plant's ability to compensate for resource losses. Here, we evaluate the response of Barbarea vulgaris, a wild crucifer, to combined attack by an oomycete Albugo sp.

UDP-glycosyltransferases from the UGT73C subfamily in Barbarea vulgaris catalyze sapogenin 3-O-glucosylation in saponin-mediated insect resistance.

Triterpenoid saponins are bioactive metabolites that have evolved recurrently in plants, presumably for defense. Their biosynthesis is poorly understood, as is the relationship between bioactivity and structure. Barbarea vulgaris is the only crucifer known to produce saponins.

Molecular activities, biosynthesis and evolution of triterpenoid saponins.

Saponins are bioactive compounds generally considered to be produced by plants to counteract pathogens and herbivores. Besides their role in plant defense, saponins are of growing interest for drug research as they are active constituents of several folk medicines and provide valuable pharmacological properties. Accordingly, much effort has been put into unraveling the modes of action of saponins, as well as in exploration of their potential for industrial processes and pharmacology.

Barbarea vulgaris linkage map and quantitative trait loci for saponins, glucosinolates, hairiness and resistance to the herbivore Phyllotreta nemorum.

Combined genomics and metabolomics approaches were used to unravel molecular mechanisms behind interactions between winter cress (Barbarea vulgaris) and flea beetle (Phyllotreta nemorum). B. vulgaris comprises two morphologically, biochemically and cytologically deviating types, which differ in flea beetle resistance, saponin and glucosinolate profiles, as well as leaf pubescence.

Identification of defense compounds in Barbarea vulgaris against the herbivore Phyllotreta nemorum by an ecometabolomic approach.

Winter cress (Barbarea vulgaris) is resistant to a range of insect species. Some B. vulgaris genotypes are resistant, whereas others are susceptible, to herbivory by flea beetle larvae (Phyllotreta nemorum).

Genes involved in carotene synthesis and mating in Blakeslea trispora.

Mating of Blakeslea trispora and other molds of the order Mucorales requires the interaction of mycelia of opposite sex, (+) and (-), leading to the development of specialized structures and to an enhanced accumulation of beta-carotene. Industry obtains beta-carotene by co-cultivating appropriate strains of Blakeslea ("mated cultures"). Gene transcription in single and mated cultures was assayed by cDNA-AFLP, a technique to observe the differential expression of subsets of mRNA fragments.

Ubiquinone and carotene production in the Mucorales Blakeslea and Phycomyces.

The filamentous fungi Phycomyces blakesleeanus and Blakeslea trispora (Zygomycota, Mucorales) are actual or potential industrial sources of beta-carotene and lycopene. These chemicals and the large terpenoid moiety of ubiquinone derive from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. We measured the ubiquinone and carotene contents of wild-type and genetically modified strains under various conditions.

Relationships among the biosyntheses of ubiquinone, carotene, sterols, and triacylglycerols in Zygomycetes.

The Zygomycetes Phycomyces blakesleeanus and Blakeslea trispora are actual or potential sources of beta-carotene, ergosterol, ubiquinone, edible oil, and other compounds. By feeding [14C]acetyl-CoA, L-[14C]leucine, or R-[14C]mevalonate in the presence of excess unlabeled glucose, we found that ubiquinone (the terpenoid moiety), beta-carotene, and triacylglycerols were made from separate pools of all their common intermediates; the pools for ubiquinone and ergosterol were indistinguishable. Fatty acids were not labeled from mevalonate, showing the absence in these fungi of a shunt pathway that would recycle carbon from mevalonate and its products back to central metabolism.

Modification of sexual development and carotene production by acetate and other small carboxylic acids in Blakeslea trispora and Phycomyces blakesleeanus.

In Phycomyces blakesleeanus and Blakeslea trispora (order Mucorales, class Zygomycetes), sexual interaction on solid substrates leads to zygospore development and to increased carotene production (sexual carotenogenesis). Addition of small quantities of acetate, propionate, lactate, or leucine to mated cultures on minimal medium stimulated zygospore production and inhibited sexual carotenogenesis in both Phycomyces and Blakeslea. In Blakeslea, the threshold acetate concentration was <1 mmol/liter for both effects, and the concentrations that had one-half of the maximal effect were <2 mmol/liter for carotenogenesis and >7 mmol/liter for zygosporogenesis.

[Technique for registration of auricular pulsogram in macaca mulatta monkeys].

An upgraded technique for registration of auricular pulsogram in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) has been proposed to study shifts in the common artery bed. The measurement is made with a photo-electrical sensor taped to the cartilage of the floor of the auricle and secured with a special cap and helmet of elastic net, and a system for data transfer from the sensor to a register enhanced by preamplifiers. Potentialities of the technique are exemplified by the investigation of Macaca mulatta's tolerance of +Gz loads.

[The morphological changes in the body of guinea pigs in response to the administration of different Coxiella burnetii antigens].

In this work the evaluation of macro- and micro-changes in the tissues of guinea pigs to the injection of inactivated antigens of C. burnetii is presented. The injection of these antigens in a dose of 50 micrograms induced only an insignificant reaction at the site of injection; in the brain of the animals, as well as in all examined internal organs, no visible pathological changes were present.

[The comparative characteristics of the immunogenic and immunomodulating activity of different antigenic preparations of the causative agent of Q fever Coxiella burnetii].

The immunogenicity of the Coxiella burnetii corpuscle antigen and two its components, obtained after the treatment with chloroform-methanol or extraction by trichloroacetic acid, was investigated. All the studied antigens were highly immunogenic. A strong correlation was discovered between the immunogenic and immunomodulating properties of the C.

[Characteristics of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms of C. burnetti strains, isolated from areas of Russia].

The structural heterogeneity in Coxiella burnetii chromosomal DNA isolated in the European part of Russia from people, agricultural animals, and ticks has been studied. It is compared with the one of the European strains Henzerling and M44, the only genetically characterized strains up to date. The digestion of the total DNA by the restriction endonucleases BamHI, PstI, XhoI resulted in obtaining two types of restriction patterns.

Biological properties of chloroform/methanol extracts of Coxiella Burnetii.

Biological properties of antigens of whole cells of C. burnetii in phase I (WCI), their residue (CMR) and extract (CME) obtained by extraction of C. burnetti with chloroform/methanol mixture were subjected to a comparative study.

[The antimicrobial cationic proteins of the neutrophilic granulocytes in experimental Q rickettsiosis].

Blood of 56 guinea pigs with experimental Q rickettsiosis was studied cytochemically (lysosomal cationic test) to measure the level of cationic proteins in neutrophil granulocytes. Development of Q rickettsiosis resulted in a decrease in the killing ability of neutrophils, depending on infection dose introduced. However, by day 7 of the disease, the level of cationic proteins in blood neutrophil granulocytes returned to the initial range.

Dynamics of non-specific antibacterial activity of the peritoneal cells of mice induced with Coxiella burnetii antigen.

It was found that primary immunization with Coxiella burnetii antigen increased mouse resistance to Salmonella typhimurium infection as evidenced by acceleration of bacterial elimination from the peritoneal cavity and a decrease in lethality of experimental animals. The existence of two rises of bactericidal activity of mouse peritoneal cells was ascertained: the "early" on days 1 and 2, and the "late" on day 14 after C. burnetii administration.

[The host reaction to the administration of different components of Coxiella burnetii].

After the intraperitoneal injection of corpuscles of C. burnetii antigen (Ag), phospholipid (PL), and sediment obtained after the extraction of PL from Ag with chloroform-methanol (CM) slight leukocytic reaction developed in the peritoneum on day 1, and on day 2 it could be observed in the liver and in the spleen. Ag induced the most pronounced morphological changes.

[Prognostication of man's health status in response to gravity-induced blood shifts based on continuous noninvasive measurement of arterial blood pressure using the Pen'iaz method].

Exposure to +Gz acceleration, orthostatic tilt tests and LBNP tests causes distinct blood shifts and deterioration of cerebral circulation. In this case syncope episodes may be prevented by continuous monitoring of circulation parameters, specifically arterial pressure (AP). Our investigations have shown that continuous AP measurement by the Penjaz noninvasive technique may help earlier prediction of the health status in response to gravity-induced blood shifts.