Review on Computer Aided Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis using Machine Learning Methods on Mammogram Image.

Machine Learning (ML) plays an essential part in the research area of medical image processing. The advantages of ML techniques lead to more intelligent, accurate, and automatic computeraided detection (CAD) systems with improved learning capability. In recent years, deep learning-based ML approaches developed to improve the diagnostic capabilities of CAD systems.

Efficacy of punarnavine in restraining organ-specific tumour progression in 4T1-induced murine breast tumour model.

Most of the breast cancer deaths occur when cancer cells depart from their tumour of origin and spread systemically and colonise distant organs. The present study was to find out whether punarnavine, the quinolizidine alkaloid, with already proven antimetastatic effect on spontaneous B16F10 pulmonary metastasis has got any effect on a drastic organ-specific breast cancer spread. For the study, we selected a syngenic mouse 4T1 breast tumour model that mimics stage four of human breast cancer.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and urotoxicity ameliorative effects of γ-humulene containing active fraction of Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.

In folklore medicine, the plant Emilia sonchifolia, belonging to the family Asteraceae, is used for treating tumour and inflammation. In our previous studies, we have done a thorough phytochemical investigation of E. sonchifolia with a report on its potent antimetastatic activity.

Curculigoside augments cell-mediated immune responses in metastatic tumor-bearing animals.

A positive modulation of immune system is necessary for preparing the body to fight against malignant tumor cells. In the present study, the stimulatory effect of Curculigoside on cell-mediated immune response against the metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells was analyzed in C57BL/6 mice. Curculigoside is a phenolic glucoside present in the plant Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Evaluation of Antiangiogenic Efficacy of Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC on Tumor-Specific Neovessel Formation by Regulating MMPs, VEGF, and Proinflammatory Cytokines.

Formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature is an indispensable process in tumor initiation, invasion, and metastasis. Novel therapeutic approaches target endothelial cells involved in the process of angiogenesis, due to their genetic stability relative to the rapidly mutating drug-resistant cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of an active fraction from Emilia sonchifolia, belonging to the family Asteraceae, a plant well known for its anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects, on the inhibition of tumor-specific angiogenesis.

Inhibition of pulmonary metastasis by Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC: An in vivo experimental study.

Background: Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC is a widely distributed medicinal herb used mainly in the indigenous Ayurvedic system of medicine in India. This plant is one among the ten sacred plants of Kerala state in India, collectively known as Dasapushpam.

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn Effectively Ameliorates the Uro- and Nephrotoxicities Induced by Cyclophosphamide Administration in Experimental Animals.

Background Curculigo orchioides Gaertn is an ancient medicinal plant (Family: Amaryllidaceae), well known for its immunomodulatory and rejuvenating effects. Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating agent widely used for treating a variety of human malignancies, but associated with different toxicities too. Our previous reports regarding the hemoprotective and hepatoprotective effects of the plant against CPA toxicities provide the background for the present study, which is designed to analyze the ameliorative effect of the methanolic extract of C orchioides on the urotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by CPA.

Immune response modulatory effect of Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC: an in vivo experimental study.

Background: This study was performed in order to provide a scientific basis for the conventional use of Emilia sonchifolia in the traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine possibly through modulation of the host immune defense.

Methods: Emilia sonchifolia methanolic extract (25 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally in mice, and hematological parameters, relative organ weights, bone marrow cellularity, and α-esterase activity were assessed. Humoral immune response was evaluated by hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer and plaque forming cell (PFC) assay.

Homeopathic remedies with antineoplastic properties have immunomodulatory effects in experimental animals.

Background: Our previous work suggests that Thuja occidentalis, Carcinosinum and Ruta graveolens have antineoplastic properties. The mechanism of this action has not previously been studied. We studied the hypothesis that the mechanism of action is through the immune modulation.

Anti-inflammatory potential of carotenoid meso-zeaxanthin and its mode of action.

Context: meso-Zeaxanthin (MZ) is a xanthophyll carotenoid with profound antioxidant activity.

Objective: Oxidative stress plays a decisive role in numerous degenerative diseases including cancer. The present study evaluates anti-inflammatory effect of MZ.

Enhancement of cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of cyclophosphamide by Curculigo orchioides Gaertn and its ameliorative effects on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress.

Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a synthetic antineoplastic drug with severe and life-threatening side effects. Studies in search of protective agents, preferably natural products, that can alleviate these side effects are valuable because they can contribute to improve current chemotherapeutic treatment strategies. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (family Hypoxidaceae) is well known for its medicinal use in the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine, and various studies have been reported that proved its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

Inhibition of B16F-10 melanoma-induced lung metastasis in C57BL/6 mice by Aerva lanata via induction of apoptosis.

In this study, the antimetastatic potential of the ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata was evaluated using the B16F-10 melanoma-induced lung metastasis model. Metastasis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by injecting highly metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cells through the lateral tail vein. Simultaneous treatment with A lanata inhibited tumor nodule formation in the lungs (70.

IRL-1620, an endothelin-B receptor agonist, enhanced radiation induced reduction in tumor volume in Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites tumor model.

ETB receptor agonist, IRL-1620 (or SPI-1620) presently in US Phase 1 clinical trial, has been demonstrated to selectively and transiently increase tumor blood flow. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of IRL-1620 on radiation therapy in tumor bearing mice inoculated with Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites cells. Tumors were allowed to grow for 30 days to a size of 1.

Effect of amentoflavone, a phenolic component from Biophytum sensitivum, on cell cycling and apoptosis of B16F-10 melanoma cells.

Flavanoids are polyphenolic compounds that are found in fruits and vegetables and have diverse, beneficial biochemical and antioxidant effects. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of amentoflavone, a biflavanoid isolated from Biophytum sensitivum, on cell cycling distribution and apoptosis in B16F-10 melanoma cells. Treatment of B16F-10 melanoma cells with amentoflavone (10 μg/mL) increased cells in the sub-G0/G1 phase accompanied by a decrease in G0/G1 phase cells in a time-dependent manner.

Modulation of humoral immune responses and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production by 10-methoxycanthin-6-one.

Plant-derived natural products such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides have received considerable attention in recent years due to their diverse pharmacological properties such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, cancer chemopreventive effects, and so on. 10-Methoxycanthin-6-one, a β-carboline alkaloid from the medicinal plant Aerva lanata, was assessed for immunomodulatory activity in Balb/c mice. Intraperitoneal administration of five doses of the compound at 0.

Modulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte, natural killer cell, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity by Vernonia cinerea L. and vernolide-A in BALB/c mice via enhanced production of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ.

Effect of Vernonia cinerea L. and vernolide-A on cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was studied in normal as well as tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. Administration of V.

Antiangiogenic activity of berberine is mediated through the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, VEGF, and proinflammatory mediators.

Berberine, a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid, is present in a number of important medicinal plants. Berberine has a wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects, including anticancer effects. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism of antiangiogenic activity of berberine using in vivo and in vitro models.

Effect of Aerva lanata on cell-mediated immune responses and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte generation in normal and tumor-bearing mice.

Cell-mediated immunity offers protection against virus-infected cells and tumor cells, involves activation of natural killer (NK) cells, production of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Administration of an ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata was found to stimulate cell-mediated immunological responses in normal and tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. A significant enhancement in NK cell activity in both normal and tumor-bearing hosts was observed after administration of A.

Ipobscurine, an indole alkaloid from Ipomoea obscura, inhibits tumor cell invasion and experimental metastasis by inducing apoptosis.

In the present study, we demonstrate that ipobscurine, an indole alkaloid fraction isolated from Ipomoea obscura, can reduce the formation of B16F-10 melanoma-induced metastatic nodules and inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of B16F-10 melanoma cells in vitro, possibly by inhibiting pro-metastatic genes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ipobscurine may also promote apoptosis by up-regulating pro-apoptotic molecules such as caspase-3, p53, and Bax and by down-regulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. In addition, we have observed that ipobscurine suppresses various transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein, which are possibly associated with the suppression of apoptosis in cancer cells.

Vernolide-A inhibits radiation-induced hypoxia-mediated tumor angiogenesis by regulating HIF-1α, MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF.

We investigated the effect of vernolide-A on the inhibition of radiation-induced tumor angiogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. Vernolide-A administration significantly reduced the tumor volume of radiation-exposed mice. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were drastically elevated during tumor progression and irradiation and were significantly reduced by treatment with vernolide-A.

Studies on anti-metastatic and anti-invasive effects of harmine using highly metastatic murine B16F-10 melanoma cells.

Harmine is a beta-carboline alkaloid from the plant Peganum harmala. We evaluated the anti-metastatic activity of harmine using in vivo mouse lung metastasis and in vitro models. Lung metastasis was induced using B16F-10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice by three different modalities of administration: simultaneous, prophylactic, and after tumor development.

Berberine inhibits pulmonary metastasis through down-regulation of MMP in metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cells.

The present study demonstrated the potential antimetastatic and antiinvasive effect of berberine using both in vivo mouse lung metastasis and in vitro models. Administration of berberine resulted in significant suppression of B16F-10 melanoma induced tumor nodule formation and enhanced the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Berberine treatment also decreased various biochemical parameters associated with lung metastasis.

Inhibition of tumor progression by naturally occurring terpenoids.

Context: Cancer is a major public health problem in India and many other parts of the world. Its two main characteristics are uncontrolled cell growth and metastasis. Natural products represent a rich source of compounds that have found many applications in various fields of medicines and therapy including cancer therapy.

Thujone inhibits lung metastasis induced by B16F-10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice.

The antimetastatic potential of thujone, a naturally occurring monoterpene, was evaluated. Metastasis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by injecting highly metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cells through the lateral tail vein. Administration of thujone (1 mg·(kg body weight)(-1)), prophylactically and simultaneously with tumor induction, inhibited tumor nodule formation in the lungs by 59.

Augmentation of humoral and cell mediated immune responses by Thujone.

Thujone, a naturally occurring monoterpene, was found to enhance the total WBC count, bone marrow cellularity, number of α-esterase positive cells, number of plaque forming cells in spleen and circulating antibody titer in Balb/c mice (1mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally for 5 days). Thujone treatment enhanced proliferation of splenocytes and thymocytes, both in the presence and absence of specific mitogens. Administration of Thujone was found to stimulate the cell-mediated immunological response in normal and tumor bearing Balb/c mice.